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Tikal, bugünkü Guatemala'daki yağmur ormanlarındaki ilinin kuzeybatısında bulunan en büyük Maya kenti ve tören merkezidir. Güney düzlüklerindeki öteki Maya merkezleri gibi Tikal da orta oluşum döneminde (M.Ö. 900-300) küçük bir köydü. Geç oluşum döneminde (M.Ö. 300-M.S. 100) büyük piramit ve tapınakların yapılmasıyla önemli bir tören merkezi haline geldi. Klasik dönemde büyük saraylar, piramitler, alanlar yapıldı. Maya hiyeroglif yazısı ve karmaşık takvim sistemi ortaya çıktı, ve vazo resimleriyle üstün bir Maya sanatı gelişti.
| UNESCO Dünya Mirası | |
|---|---|
 Tikal Tapınağı 47 metre yüksekliğindedir. | |
| Konum |  Guatemala |
| (Kriter) | Karma: i, iii, iv, ix, x |
| Referans | 64[1] |
| Tescil | 1979 (3. oturum) |
| Bölge | Latin Amerika ve Karayipler |
| Koordinatlar | 17°13′19″K 89°37′25″B / 17.22194°K 89.62361°B |
Galeri
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Tapınak II olarak adlandırılan piramit, Tikal -
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Tapınak III’te bulunan bir tasvir, Kara Güneş -
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Kaynakça
- ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 24 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 31 Ağustos 2016.
Başvurular
- Adams, Richard E.W. (2000). "Introduction to a Survey of the Native Prehistoric Cultures of Mesoamerica". Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (Ed.). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ss. 1-44. ISBN . OCLC 33359444.
- Andrews, E. Wyllys; William L. Fash (2005). "Issues in Copán Archaeology". E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (Ed.). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe and Oxford: Press and James Currey Ltd. ss. 395-425. ISBN . OCLC 56194789.
- Banco de Guatemala. "Monedas" (İspanyolca). Banco de Guatemala. 17 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 13 Kasım 2009.
- Berlin, Heinrich (Nisan 1967). "The Destruction of Structure 5D-33-1st at Tikal". American Antiquity. 32 (2). Washington, D. C., USA: Society for American Archaeology. ss. 241-242. doi:10.2307/277915. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 277915. OCLC 754651089. (abonelik gereklidir)
- (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6. edition, fully revised and expanded bas.). Londra and New York: . ISBN . OCLC 59432778.
- (1988) [1967]. Tikal: Guía de las Antiguas Ruinas Mayas (İspanyolca). Guatemala: Piedra Santa. ISBN .
- Drew, David (1999). The Lost Chronicles of the Mayan Kings. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Fash, William L.; Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle (2005). "Contributions and Controversies in the Archaeology and History of Copán". E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (Ed.). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe and Oxford: Press and James Currey Ltd. ss. 3-32. ISBN . OCLC 56194789.
- Gill, Richardson B. (2000). The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. Albuquerque: . ISBN . OCLC 43567384.
- Hammond, Norman (2000). "The Maya Lowlands: Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes". Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (Ed.). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ss. 197-249. ISBN . OCLC 33359444.
- Harrison, Peter D. (2006). "Maya Architecture at Tikal". (Ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Köln: . ss. 218-231. ISBN . OCLC 71165439.
- Jones, Grant D. (1998). The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. ISBN . OCLC 38747674. 27 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 18 Mayıs 2017.
- Kelly, Joyce (1996). An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: . ISBN . OCLC 34658843.
- (n.d.). . FAMSI Research Materials. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. 9 Mayıs 2008 tarihinde kaynağından (online database) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Haziran 2007.
- Looper, Matthew G. (1999). "New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala". Ancient Mesoamerica. 10 (2). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ss. 263-280. doi:10.1017/S0956536199101135. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 86542758.
- Looper, Matthew G. (2003). Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN . OCLC 52208614.
- ; (2000). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Londra and New York: . ISBN . OCLC 47358325.
- ; (2008). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya (2. edn (revised) bas.). Londra and New York: . ISBN . OCLC 191753193.
- Martínez, Horacio; David Webster; Jay Silverstein; Timothy Murtha; Kirk Straight; Irinna Montepeque (2004). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Escobedo; H. Mejía (Ed.). (PDF). XVII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2003 (İspanyolca). Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala. ss. 635-641. 15 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF online publication) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 Haziran 2009.
- (1917). History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. VII. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. OCLC 681599.
- (1999). Maya Art and Architecture. Londra and New York: . ISBN . OCLC 41659173.
- ; (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. Londra: . ISBN . OCLC 27667317.
- Morales, Tirso; Benito Burgos; Miguel Acosta; Sergio Pinelo; Marco Tulio Castellanos; Leopoldo González; Francisco Castañeda; Edy Barrios; Rudy Larios; Cruz Jau (2008). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía (Ed.). (PDF). XXI Simposio de Arqueología en Guatemala, 2007 (İspanyolca). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. ss. 413-436. 14 Eylül 2011 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Haziran 2011.
- Salisbury, David; Mimi Koumenalis; Barbara Moffett (19 Eylül 2002). (PDF). Exploration: the online research journal of Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Office of Science and Research Communications. OCLC 50324967. 2 Kasım 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF online publication) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Eylül 2009.
- ; Peter Mathews (1999). The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN . OCLC 41423034.
- ; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6., fully revised bas.). Stanford, CA: . ISBN . OCLC 57577446.
- Silverstein, Jay; David Webster; Horacio Martinez; Alvaro Soto (2009). Rethinking the Earthworks of Tikal: A Hydraulic Hypothesis for the Classic Maya Polity. Ancient Mesoamerican 20(1), Cambridge Journals.
- StarWars.com. "Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope". Lucasfilm Ltd. 29 Aralık 2009 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 13 Kasım 2009.
- Torres, Estuardo. (İspanyolca). Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. 18 Aralık 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Temmuz 2014.
- UNESCO World Heritage Center. "Tikal National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Center. 12 Nisan 2017 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 13 Kasım 2009.
- Valdés, Juan Antonio; Fahsen, Federico (2005). "Disaster in Sight: The Terminal Classic at Tikal and Uaxactun". Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (Ed.). The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation. Boulder: . ss. 162-194. ISBN . OCLC 61719499.
- Webster, David L. (2002). The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. Londra: . ISBN . OCLC 48753878.
Dış bağlantılar
| Wikimedia Commons'ta Tikal ile ilgili ortam dosyaları bulunmaktadır. |
| Vikigezgin'de Tikal ile ilgili gezi rehberi bulunmaktadır. |
- Official site 9 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .,Guatemala Kültür ve Spor Bakanlığı (İspanyolca)
- Tikal Google Street View 26 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
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Tikal bugunku Guatemala daki yagmur ormanlarindaki ilinin kuzeybatisinda bulunan en buyuk Maya kenti ve toren merkezidir Guney duzluklerindeki oteki Maya merkezleri gibi Tikal da orta olusum doneminde M O 900 300 kucuk bir koydu Gec olusum doneminde M O 300 M S 100 buyuk piramit ve tapinaklarin yapilmasiyla onemli bir toren merkezi haline geldi Klasik donemde buyuk saraylar piramitler alanlar yapildi Maya hiyeroglif yazisi ve karmasik takvim sistemi ortaya cikti ve vazo resimleriyle ustun bir Maya sanati gelisti Tikal Milli ParkiUNESCO Dunya MirasiTikal Tapinagi 47 metre yuksekligindedir Konum GuatemalaKriterKarma i iii iv ix xReferans64 1 Tescil1979 3 oturum BolgeLatin Amerika ve KarayiplerKoordinatlar17 13 19 K 89 37 25 B 17 22194 K 89 62361 B 17 22194 89 62361GaleriTapinak II olarak adlandirilan piramit Tikal Tapinak III te bulunan bir tasvir Kara GunesKaynakca Arsivlenmis kopya 24 Aralik 2018 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 31 Agustos 2016 BasvurularAdams Richard E W 2000 Introduction to a Survey of the Native Prehistoric Cultures of Mesoamerica Richard E W Adams Murdo J Macleod Ed The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas Vol II Mesoamerica part 1 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ss 1 44 ISBN 0 521 35165 0 OCLC 33359444 Andrews E Wyllys William L Fash 2005 Issues in Copan Archaeology E Wyllys Andrews William L Fash Ed Copan The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom Santa Fe and Oxford Press and James Currey Ltd ss 395 425 ISBN 0 85255 981 X OCLC 56194789 Banco de Guatemala Monedas Ispanyolca Banco de Guatemala 17 Agustos 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 13 Kasim 2009 Berlin Heinrich Nisan 1967 The Destruction of Structure 5D 33 1st at Tikal American Antiquity 32 2 Washington D C USA Society for American Archaeology ss 241 242 doi 10 2307 277915 ISSN 0002 7316 JSTOR 277915 OCLC 754651089 abonelik gereklidir 1999 The Maya Ancient peoples and places series 6 edition fully revised and expanded bas Londra and New York ISBN 0 500 28066 5 OCLC 59432778 1988 1967 Tikal Guia de las Antiguas Ruinas Mayas Ispanyolca Guatemala Piedra Santa ISBN 84 8377 246 9 Drew David 1999 The Lost Chronicles of the Mayan Kings Los Angeles University of California Press Fash William L Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle 2005 Contributions and Controversies in the Archaeology and History of Copan E Wyllys Andrews William L Fash Ed Copan The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom Santa Fe and Oxford Press and James Currey Ltd ss 3 32 ISBN 0 85255 981 X OCLC 56194789 Gill Richardson B 2000 The Great Maya Droughts Water Life and Death Albuquerque ISBN 0 8263 2194 1 OCLC 43567384 Hammond Norman 2000 The Maya Lowlands Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes Richard E W Adams Murdo J Macleod Ed The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas Vol II Mesoamerica part 1 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press ss 197 249 ISBN 0 521 35165 0 OCLC 33359444 Harrison Peter D 2006 Maya Architecture at Tikal Ed Maya Divine Kings of the Rain Forest Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel assistant eds Koln ss 218 231 ISBN 3 8331 1957 8 OCLC 71165439 Jones Grant D 1998 The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom Stanford California USA Stanford University Press ISBN 9780804735223 OCLC 38747674 27 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 18 Mayis 2017 Kelly Joyce 1996 An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America Belize Guatemala Honduras and El Salvador Norman ISBN 0 8061 2858 5 OCLC 34658843 n d FAMSI Research Materials Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies Inc 9 Mayis 2008 tarihinde kaynagindan online database arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 13 Haziran 2007 Looper Matthew G 1999 New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua Guatemala Ancient Mesoamerica 10 2 Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press ss 263 280 doi 10 1017 S0956536199101135 ISSN 0956 5361 OCLC 86542758 Looper Matthew G 2003 Lightning Warrior Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua Linda Schele series in Maya and pre Columbian studies Austin University of Texas Press ISBN 0 292 70556 5 OCLC 52208614 2000 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya Londra and New York ISBN 0 500 05103 8 OCLC 47358325 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya 2 edn revised bas Londra and New York ISBN 978 0 500 28726 2 OCLC 191753193 Martinez Horacio David Webster Jay Silverstein Timothy Murtha Kirk Straight Irinna Montepeque 2004 J P Laporte B Arroyo H Escobedo H Mejia Ed PDF XVII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala 2003 Ispanyolca Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia Guatemala ss 635 641 15 Mayis 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF online publication arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 24 Haziran 2009 1917 History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University VII Cambridge Massachusetts USA Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology OCLC 681599 1999 Maya Art and Architecture Londra and New York ISBN 0 500 20327 X OCLC 41659173 1993 The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion Londra ISBN 0 500 05068 6 OCLC 27667317 Morales Tirso Benito Burgos Miguel Acosta Sergio Pinelo Marco Tulio Castellanos Leopoldo Gonzalez Francisco Castaneda Edy Barrios Rudy Larios Cruz Jau 2008 J P Laporte B Arroyo H Mejia Ed PDF XXI Simposio de Arqueologia en Guatemala 2007 Ispanyolca Guatemala Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia ss 413 436 14 Eylul 2011 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 21 Haziran 2011 Salisbury David Mimi Koumenalis Barbara Moffett 19 Eylul 2002 PDF Exploration the online research journal of Vanderbilt University Nashville TN Vanderbilt University Office of Science and Research Communications OCLC 50324967 2 Kasim 2014 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF online publication arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 22 Eylul 2009 Peter Mathews 1999 The Code of Kings The language of seven Maya temples and tombs New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 85209 6 OCLC 41423034 Loa P Traxler 2006 The Ancient Maya 6 fully revised bas Stanford CA ISBN 0 8047 4817 9 OCLC 57577446 Silverstein Jay David Webster Horacio Martinez Alvaro Soto 2009 Rethinking the Earthworks of Tikal A Hydraulic Hypothesis for the Classic Maya Polity Ancient Mesoamerican 20 1 Cambridge Journals StarWars com Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope Lucasfilm Ltd 29 Aralik 2009 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 13 Kasim 2009 Torres Estuardo Ispanyolca Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes 18 Aralik 2009 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 30 Temmuz 2014 UNESCO World Heritage Center Tikal National Park UNESCO World Heritage Center 12 Nisan 2017 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 13 Kasim 2009 Valdes Juan Antonio Fahsen Federico 2005 Disaster in Sight The Terminal Classic at Tikal and Uaxactun Arthur A Demarest Prudence M Rice Don S Rice Ed The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands Collapse transition and transformation Boulder ss 162 194 ISBN 0 87081 822 8 OCLC 61719499 Webster David L 2002 The Fall of the Ancient Maya Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse Londra ISBN 0 500 05113 5 OCLC 48753878 Dis baglantilarWikimedia Commons ta Tikal ile ilgili ortam dosyalari bulunmaktadir Vikigezgin de Tikal ile ilgili gezi rehberi bulunmaktadir Official site 9 Mayis 2017 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Guatemala Kultur ve Spor Bakanligi Ispanyolca Tikal Google Street View 26 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde