Arnavut milliyetçiliği, ilk kez 19. yüzyılda Arnavut millî uyanışı sırasında etnik Arnavutların ürettiği milliyetçi fikir ve kavramların genel bir adıdır. Arnavut milliyetçiliği, coğrafi olarak genişletilmiş bir Arnavut devletinin veya büyük Arnavut nüfusunu barındıran bitişik Balkan topraklarını kapsayan Büyük Arnavutluk'un oluşturulması fikirlerini de içeren Arnavutçuluk ve Pan-Arnavutçuluk gibi benzer kavramlarla da ilişkilidir.
Geç Osmanlı döneminde Arnavutlar çoğunlukla Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile yakın bağları olan Müslümanlardı. Daha önce Arnavut devletinin olmaması, Arnavut milliyetçiliğinin Sırplar ve Yunanların komşu milliyetçiliklerinin aksine daha sonra gelişmesine yol açtı. Balkan Arnavutlarının yaşadığı toprakların komşu Ortodoks Hristiyan devletler tarafından bölünmesi sonucunu doğuran Doğu krizinin başlaması (1870'ler), Arnavut millî uyanışı döneminin ve milliyetçi hareketin ortaya çıkmasını teşvik etti. 19. yüzyılda, bazı Batılı bilimsel etkiler, Arbıreşçe ve Arnavut millî uyanış figürleri gibi Arnavut diasporaları, Arnavutların kendi kaderini tayin için Balkan Arnavutları arasında fikirlerin yayılmasında büyük katkılarda bulundular. Bunlar arasında çağdaş zamanlarda Arnavut milliyetçiliğine hâkim olan Arnavutların kökeninin İliryalılar'a dayandığı fikrinin yanında eski halklardan Pelasglar'ın da ataları olduğu dile getiriliyordu.
Osmanlı döneminden kalma topraklar üzerinde diğer Balkan milliyetçilikleri ve devletleri ile toprak talepleri nedeniyle çakışan bu fikirler, komşu halklara üstünlük sağlamayı amaçlayan, bağımsızlık ve kendi kaderini tayin hakkını içeren ve komşu ülkelere karşı yayılmacı iddialara izin veren ulusal bir mit içermektedir. Pan-Arnavut duyguları da mevcuttur ve bu duygu tarihsel olarak, Kosova ve Batı Makedonya'nın bir kısmı Mihver İtalyan güçleri tarafından İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Arnavutluk'u himaye etmek üzere birleştiğinde sadece bir kez gerçekleşmiştir. Arnavut milliyetçiliği, Arnavut kökenleri, kültürel saflık ve ulusal homojenliği, Arnavutluk ulusal kimliğinin temeli olarak dini kayıtsızlığı ve devam eden ulusal mücadelelerle ilgili bir dizi efsane içeriyor.İskender Bey figürü, bir kişiye dayanan Arnavut milliyetçiliğinin ana kurucu mitlerinden biridir, diğer efsaneler fikirlere, soyut kavramlara ve kolektivizme dayanmaktadır.
Tarihi
Bazı yazarlar, Arnavut milliyetçiliğinin, Yunan ve Sırp muadillerinden farklı olarak, kökenleri Osmanlı karşıtı bir mücadeleden ortaya çıkmayan ve bunun yerine Doğu Krizi (1878) dönemine ve Sırplar ve Yunanlar tarafından bölgesel bölünme tehdidine dayanan farklı bir tarihsel bağlamda olduğunu savunuyorlar, diğerleri ise Arnavutluk milliyetçiliğinin daha önce 1878 olaylarına karşılık olarak hem Osmanlı yönetiminin politikalarına hem de rakip Balkan milliyetçiliği politikalarına tepki vererek jeopolitik bir harekete dönüşen bir toplumsal reform hareketi olarak ortaya çıktığı görüşüne sahipler. Tartışmalı alanlar için komşularla rekabet etmek Arnavutları ulus için mücadele etmeye ve Avrupa güçlerinden destek aramaya zorladı. Bazı araştırmacılar, Arnavut milliyetçiliğinin 1878'de ortaya çıktığı ya da belirli bir başlangıç tarihi belirleme paradigmasının yanlış olduğu görüşüne katılmıyorlar, ancak bu olaylar, Arnavutluk ulusal hareketinin siyasallaşmasına ve Arnavutluk kolektif kültürü ve hafızasında çağdaş zamanlarda ifade edilen Arnavut milliyetçiliği mitolojisinin bir parçası haline gelen mitlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açan önemli bir an olarak kabul edilir. Bu tarihsel bağlam, milliyetçilerin ulusal onaylama arayışındayken ve ulusal duyguların ve dilin aşınması olarak gördükleri şeylere karşı koymak için Arnavutluk ulusal hareketini de görünümde savunmacı hale getirdi. 19. yüzyılda Arnavutlar üç dini gruba ayrıldı. Katolik Arnavutlar, Avusturya-Macaristan koruması ve İtalyan bürosu himayesi nedeniyle okul ve kilisede bazı Arnavut etno-dilbilimsel ifadelere sahiptiler. Konstantinopolis Patrikhanesi altındaki Ortodoks Arnavutlar, Yunanca ve geç Osmanlı dönemine doğru okuryazarlık ve okul eğitimi almışlardı. Bu dönemde tahmini nüfusu bir milyondan fazla olan Müslüman Arnavutların Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndaki Balkan Arnavut nüfusunun yaklaşık %70'ini oluşturuyordular.
Doğu Krizi ve Arnavutluk ulusal uyanışı
Doğu Krizinin yükselişiyle birlikte Müslüman Arnavutlar, Osmanlı devletine sadakat ile ortaya çıkan Arnavut milliyetçi hareketi arasında parçalandılar. İslam, Sultan ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu geleneksel olarak daha geniş Müslüman topluluğa ait olarak eş anlamlı olarak görülüyordu. Arnavut milliyetçi hareketi kendi kaderini tayin hakkını savundu ve Arnavutların devlet içinde ayrı bir topluluk ve dil olarak sosyo-politik olarak tanınmasını sağlamaya çalıştı. Arnavut milliyetçiliği, daha geniş Arnavut nüfusunun popüler talebi olmadan Arnavut aydınları arasında başlayan bir hareketti. Jeopolitik olaylar, birçok Müslüman olan Arnavut milliyetçilerinin kendilerini Osmanlılardan, İslam'dan ve o sırada ortaya çıkan Sultan II. Abdülhamid'in pan-İslami Osmanlıcılığından uzaklaştırmaya itti.Rus-Türk Savaşı sırasında, gelen Sırp ordusu Müslüman Arnavut nüfusunun çoğunu Topluca ve Niş bölgelerinden Kosova'ya sürerek Prizren Ligi'nin (1878-1881) Doğu krizine yanıt olarak ortaya çıkmasını tetikledi. Prizren Birliği, bir grup Arnavut entelektüel tarafından komşu Balkan ülkeleri arasında bölünmeye direnmek ve Arnavutları üniter dilsel ve kültürel ulus haline getirerek bir Arnavut ulusal bilinci öne sürmek için kuruldu.
Kaynakça
- Özel
- ^ Gawrych 2006, s. 20. "... Arnavutluk'un gelişimini anlamak için gerekli olan dinamik."
- ^ Judah 2008, s. 12. "Arnavutların dini Arnavutluktur"
- ^ Krieger 2001, s. 475."... sık sık o zamandan beri, "Arnavutların dini Arnavutluktur."
- ^ Reynolds 2001, s. 233. "Bundan böyle Hoca, tek dinin "Arnavutluk" olacağını açıkladı. Hoca, milliyetçiliği Sovyet bloğundan çıkma mücadelesinde bir silah olarak kullanıyordu."
- ^ Lubonja 2002, ss. 92, 100, 102.
- ^ Clayer 2002, s. 132.
- ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 2007, s. 423. "... bir 'Büyük Arnavutluk' oluşturdu. Her ne kadar Batı'daki pan-Arnavutluk'a büyük dikkat gösterilmiş olsa da"
- ^ Vickers 2004, s. 3.
- ^ a b c Kressing 2002, s. 19.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, ss. 72–86.
- ^ a b c Kostov 2010, s. 40.
- ^ Skoulidas 2013. para. 5.
- ^ a b King & Mai 2008, s. 209.
- ^ Puto & Maurizio 2015, s. 172.
- ^ a b De Rapper 2009, s. 7. "Pelasglar ile özdeşleşerek, Arnavutlar Balkan anavatanlarında yalnızca Romalıların geç dönemindeki "barbar" işgalcilerden önce değil, sadece Romalıların kendilerinden önce değil, daha da önemlisi, Yunanlardan önce bulunduklarını iddia edebilirler.‟ (Malcolm 2002: 76-77)."
- ^ De Rapper 2009, s. 7.
- ^ Wydra 2007, s. 230. "Arnavutlar, İlirya-Arnavut sürekliliği ve Slav halkına üstünlük iddiasında bulunarak, altıncı ve yedinci yüzyıllara kadar geriye gitme eğilimindeydi...."
- ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 2007, s. 513. "Etnik Arnavutlar sadece Kosova'daki nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturmuyor. Ayrıca, uluslarının Balkanlar'daki en eski olduğuna, yüzyıllar önce Slavların gelişinden önce Batı Balkanların çoğunda (Kosova dahil) 'İlirya halklarının' bir kolu olan eski Dardanyalılardan geldiklerine inanarak yetiştirildiler.
- ^ Judah 2008, s. 31.
- ^ Nitsiakos 2010, s. 206.
- ^ King & Mai 2008, s. 212. "Arnavut milliyetçiliği içinde üç ana kurucu mit iş başında ... İkincisi İskender Bey efsanesi,..."
- ^ Steinke, Klaus. "Recension of The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16" (Almanca). Quelle Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. 8 Nisan 2008 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 24 Mart 2011.
Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein,...
- ^ Nixon 2010, ss. 3–6.
- ^ Free 2011, s. 14. "Betrachtet man die Gesamtheit der albanischen Nationalmythen, so ist offensichtlich, dass es fur Albaner mehr als nur den Skanderbeg-Mythos gibt und dass nicht nur auf diesem Mythos die albanische Identitat beruht. Es gibt noch weitere wichtige Mythenfiguren, doch diese beziehen sich auf Vorstellungen, abstrakte Konzepte und Kollektive, aber nicht auf Personen."
- ^ Misha 2002, s. 34.
- ^ Rrapaj, Jonilda and Kolasi, Klevis (2013). The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, Volume 44, pages 185-228. Page 194-195: "İlk veya A Aşaması, belirli bir etnik grubun dilsel, kültürel ve sosyal özellikleri hakkında bir farkındalığın entelektüel ilgisi ve bilimsel araştırmasından oluşur. Bu aşamada (bağımsızlık için) net bir ulusal talep yoktur. İkinci dönem ya da aşama B, elitlerin etnik grup arasındaki ulusal bilinci “uyandırma” ya da vatansever ajitasyon dönemi ile ilgili vatanseverlik faaliyetleriyle ilgilidir. Son aşama veya C evresi, milliyetçi hareketlerin, politik ve entelektüel çevrelerle sınırlı dar bir hareketten kitle hareketine dönüşümünü ifade eder. Arnavutluk davasında aşağıda göreceğimiz gibi, genel olarak konuşursak, aşama A'nın Tanzimat Reformlarının başlangıcından başlayarak 1844'te ilk Arnavut alfabesinin sembolik bir tarih olarak yayınlanmasına kadar geçen süreyi kapsadığını iddia edebiliriz. Prizren Ligi (1881) veya Sami Fraşiri'nin milliyetçi Manifestosu'nun 1899'da yayınlanması, aşama B ise Prizren Ligi'nin Yüce Porte tarafından ezilmesinden sonra ve özellikle 1897'deki Yunan-Osmanlı krizinden sonra yoğunlaşıyor. Kırılgan veya jelatinimsi durum yapısı nedeniyle bağımsızlık ilanından sonra bile devam eder. Milliyetçiliğin kitlelere veya aşama C'ye geçilmesi, ancak 1920'den sonra uygun bir devlet yapısının ve siyasi istikrarın kurulmasıyla başlar."
- ^ Hroch, Miroslav (1999). “From National Movement to the Fully-formed Nation: The Nation-building Process in Europe”, in Mapping the Nation', ed. Gopal Balakrishnan. London: Verso, 1999. Page 80
- ^ Zhelyazkova, Antonina. "Albanian Identities". Page 24: "Arnavut uyanışının başlangıcının Naum Vekilharcı'nın faaliyeti ve 1845'te yayınlanan primeriyle birlikte Arnavutluk ulusal hareketinin ilk program belgesi olan Ortodoks Arnavutlara hitaben belirlendiği varsayılıyor. İçinde Veqilharxhi, Arnavut halkının diğer Balkan ülkeleri ile yan yana evrimine ilk adım olarak Arnavut okulları ve Arnavut dilinin gelişmesini istedi."
- ^ Misha 2002, ss. 40–41.
- ^ a b c Gawrych 2006, ss. 21–22.
- ^ a b c Poulton 1995, s. 65.
- ^ Skendi 1967a, s. 174. "Ortodoks Arnavutların siyasi düşünceleri iki kategoriye ayrıldı. Arnavutluk'ta yaşayanlara Yunan etkisi hakim oldu. Çoğunluğu -özellikle seçkinler- Yunanistan ile birlik istiyordu. Ortodoks Hristiyanların genel olarak Osmanlı yönetimine karşı yoğun bir nefretleri vardı. Bu duygu, yurtdışındaki kolonilerde yaşayan eş-dindarları tarafından paylaşılsa da, politik düşünceleri farklıydı."
- ^ Skoulidas 2013. para. 2, 27.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, ss. 43–53.
- ^ a b Gawrych 2006, ss. 86–105.
- ^ Psomas 2008, s. 280.
- ^ Endresen 2011, ss. 40–43.
- ^ Frantz 2009, ss. 460–461.
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Arnavut milliyetciligi ilk kez 19 yuzyilda Arnavut milli uyanisi sirasinda etnik Arnavutlarin urettigi milliyetci fikir ve kavramlarin genel bir adidir Arnavut milliyetciligi cografi olarak genisletilmis bir Arnavut devletinin veya buyuk Arnavut nufusunu barindiran bitisik Balkan topraklarini kapsayan Buyuk Arnavutluk un olusturulmasi fikirlerini de iceren Arnavutculuk ve Pan Arnavutculuk gibi benzer kavramlarla da iliskilidir Gec Osmanli doneminde Arnavutlar cogunlukla Osmanli Imparatorlugu ile yakin baglari olan Muslumanlardi Daha once Arnavut devletinin olmamasi Arnavut milliyetciliginin Sirplar ve Yunanlarin komsu milliyetciliklerinin aksine daha sonra gelismesine yol acti Balkan Arnavutlarinin yasadigi topraklarin komsu Ortodoks Hristiyan devletler tarafindan bolunmesi sonucunu doguran Dogu krizinin baslamasi 1870 ler Arnavut milli uyanisi doneminin ve milliyetci hareketin ortaya cikmasini tesvik etti 19 yuzyilda bazi Batili bilimsel etkiler Arbiresce ve Arnavut milli uyanis figurleri gibi Arnavut diasporalari Arnavutlarin kendi kaderini tayin icin Balkan Arnavutlari arasinda fikirlerin yayilmasinda buyuk katkilarda bulundular Bunlar arasinda cagdas zamanlarda Arnavut milliyetciligine hakim olan Arnavutlarin kokeninin Iliryalilar a dayandigi fikrinin yaninda eski halklardan Pelasglar in da atalari oldugu dile getiriliyordu Osmanli doneminden kalma topraklar uzerinde diger Balkan milliyetcilikleri ve devletleri ile toprak talepleri nedeniyle cakisan bu fikirler komsu halklara ustunluk saglamayi amaclayan bagimsizlik ve kendi kaderini tayin hakkini iceren ve komsu ulkelere karsi yayilmaci iddialara izin veren ulusal bir mit icermektedir Pan Arnavut duygulari da mevcuttur ve bu duygu tarihsel olarak Kosova ve Bati Makedonya nin bir kismi Mihver Italyan gucleri tarafindan Ikinci Dunya Savasi sirasinda Arnavutluk u himaye etmek uzere birlestiginde sadece bir kez gerceklesmistir Arnavut milliyetciligi Arnavut kokenleri kulturel saflik ve ulusal homojenligi Arnavutluk ulusal kimliginin temeli olarak dini kayitsizligi ve devam eden ulusal mucadelelerle ilgili bir dizi efsane iceriyor Iskender Bey figuru bir kisiye dayanan Arnavut milliyetciliginin ana kurucu mitlerinden biridir diger efsaneler fikirlere soyut kavramlara ve kolektivizme dayanmaktadir TarihiBazi yazarlar Arnavut milliyetciliginin Yunan ve Sirp muadillerinden farkli olarak kokenleri Osmanli karsiti bir mucadeleden ortaya cikmayan ve bunun yerine Dogu Krizi 1878 donemine ve Sirplar ve Yunanlar tarafindan bolgesel bolunme tehdidine dayanan farkli bir tarihsel baglamda oldugunu savunuyorlar digerleri ise Arnavutluk milliyetciliginin daha once 1878 olaylarina karsilik olarak hem Osmanli yonetiminin politikalarina hem de rakip Balkan milliyetciligi politikalarina tepki vererek jeopolitik bir harekete donusen bir toplumsal reform hareketi olarak ortaya ciktigi gorusune sahipler Tartismali alanlar icin komsularla rekabet etmek Arnavutlari ulus icin mucadele etmeye ve Avrupa guclerinden destek aramaya zorladi Bazi arastirmacilar Arnavut milliyetciliginin 1878 de ortaya ciktigi ya da belirli bir baslangic tarihi belirleme paradigmasinin yanlis oldugu gorusune katilmiyorlar ancak bu olaylar Arnavutluk ulusal hareketinin siyasallasmasina ve Arnavutluk kolektif kulturu ve hafizasinda cagdas zamanlarda ifade edilen Arnavut milliyetciligi mitolojisinin bir parcasi haline gelen mitlerin ortaya cikmasina yol acan onemli bir an olarak kabul edilir Bu tarihsel baglam milliyetcilerin ulusal onaylama arayisindayken ve ulusal duygularin ve dilin asinmasi olarak gordukleri seylere karsi koymak icin Arnavutluk ulusal hareketini de gorunumde savunmaci hale getirdi 19 yuzyilda Arnavutlar uc dini gruba ayrildi Katolik Arnavutlar Avusturya Macaristan korumasi ve Italyan burosu himayesi nedeniyle okul ve kilisede bazi Arnavut etno dilbilimsel ifadelere sahiptiler Konstantinopolis Patrikhanesi altindaki Ortodoks Arnavutlar Yunanca ve gec Osmanli donemine dogru okuryazarlik ve okul egitimi almislardi Bu donemde tahmini nufusu bir milyondan fazla olan Musluman Arnavutlarin Osmanli Imparatorlugu ndaki Balkan Arnavut nufusunun yaklasik 70 ini olusturuyordular Dogu Krizi ve Arnavutluk ulusal uyanisi Dogu Krizinin yukselisiyle birlikte Musluman Arnavutlar Osmanli devletine sadakat ile ortaya cikan Arnavut milliyetci hareketi arasinda parcalandilar Islam Sultan ve Osmanli Imparatorlugu geleneksel olarak daha genis Musluman topluluga ait olarak es anlamli olarak goruluyordu Arnavut milliyetci hareketi kendi kaderini tayin hakkini savundu ve Arnavutlarin devlet icinde ayri bir topluluk ve dil olarak sosyo politik olarak taninmasini saglamaya calisti Arnavut milliyetciligi daha genis Arnavut nufusunun populer talebi olmadan Arnavut aydinlari arasinda baslayan bir hareketti Jeopolitik olaylar bircok Musluman olan Arnavut milliyetcilerinin kendilerini Osmanlilardan Islam dan ve o sirada ortaya cikan Sultan II Abdulhamid in pan Islami Osmanliciligindan uzaklastirmaya itti Rus Turk Savasi sirasinda gelen Sirp ordusu Musluman Arnavut nufusunun cogunu Topluca ve Nis bolgelerinden Kosova ya surerek Prizren Ligi nin 1878 1881 Dogu krizine yanit olarak ortaya cikmasini tetikledi Prizren Birligi bir grup Arnavut entelektuel tarafindan komsu Balkan ulkeleri arasinda bolunmeye direnmek ve Arnavutlari uniter dilsel ve kulturel ulus haline getirerek bir Arnavut ulusal bilinci one surmek icin kuruldu KaynakcaOzel Gawrych 2006 s 20 Arnavutluk un gelisimini anlamak icin gerekli olan dinamik Judah 2008 s 12 Arnavutlarin dini Arnavutluktur Krieger 2001 s 475 sik sik o zamandan beri Arnavutlarin dini Arnavutluktur Reynolds 2001 s 233 Bundan boyle Hoca tek dinin Arnavutluk olacagini acikladi Hoca milliyetciligi Sovyet blogundan cikma mucadelesinde bir silah olarak kullaniyordu Lubonja 2002 ss 92 100 102 Clayer 2002 s 132 Bideleux amp Jeffries 2007 s 423 bir Buyuk Arnavutluk olusturdu Her ne kadar Bati daki pan Arnavutluk a buyuk dikkat gosterilmis olsa da Vickers 2004 s 3 a b c Kressing 2002 s 19 Gawrych 2006 ss 72 86 a b c Kostov 2010 s 40 Skoulidas 2013 para 5 a b King amp Mai 2008 s 209 Puto amp Maurizio 2015 s 172 a b De Rapper 2009 s 7 Pelasglar ile ozdesleserek Arnavutlar Balkan anavatanlarinda yalnizca Romalilarin gec donemindeki barbar isgalcilerden once degil sadece Romalilarin kendilerinden once degil daha da onemlisi Yunanlardan once bulunduklarini iddia edebilirler Malcolm 2002 76 77 De Rapper 2009 s 7 Wydra 2007 s 230 Arnavutlar Ilirya Arnavut surekliligi ve Slav halkina ustunluk iddiasinda bulunarak altinci ve yedinci yuzyillara kadar geriye gitme egilimindeydi Bideleux amp Jeffries 2007 s 513 Etnik Arnavutlar sadece Kosova daki nufusun buyuk cogunlugunu olusturmuyor Ayrica uluslarinin Balkanlar daki en eski olduguna yuzyillar once Slavlarin gelisinden once Bati Balkanlarin cogunda Kosova dahil Ilirya halklarinin bir kolu olan eski Dardanyalilardan geldiklerine inanarak yetistirildiler Judah 2008 s 31 Nitsiakos 2010 s 206 King amp Mai 2008 s 212 Arnavut milliyetciligi icinde uc ana kurucu mit is basinda Ikincisi Iskender Bey efsanesi Steinke Klaus Recension of The living Skanderbeg the Albanian hero between myth and history Monica Genesin eds Hamburg Kovac 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis Bd 16 Almanca Quelle Informationsmittel IFB digitales Rezensionsorgan fur Bibliothek und Wissenschaft 8 Nisan 2008 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 24 Mart 2011 Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein Nixon 2010 ss 3 6 Free 2011 s 14 Betrachtet man die Gesamtheit der albanischen Nationalmythen so ist offensichtlich dass es fur Albaner mehr als nur den Skanderbeg Mythos gibt und dass nicht nur auf diesem Mythos die albanische Identitat beruht Es gibt noch weitere wichtige Mythenfiguren doch diese beziehen sich auf Vorstellungen abstrakte Konzepte und Kollektive aber nicht auf Personen Misha 2002 s 34 Rrapaj Jonilda and Kolasi Klevis 2013 The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations Volume 44 pages 185 228 Page 194 195 Ilk veya A Asamasi belirli bir etnik grubun dilsel kulturel ve sosyal ozellikleri hakkinda bir farkindaligin entelektuel ilgisi ve bilimsel arastirmasindan olusur Bu asamada bagimsizlik icin net bir ulusal talep yoktur Ikinci donem ya da asama B elitlerin etnik grup arasindaki ulusal bilinci uyandirma ya da vatansever ajitasyon donemi ile ilgili vatanseverlik faaliyetleriyle ilgilidir Son asama veya C evresi milliyetci hareketlerin politik ve entelektuel cevrelerle sinirli dar bir hareketten kitle hareketine donusumunu ifade eder Arnavutluk davasinda asagida gorecegimiz gibi genel olarak konusursak asama A nin Tanzimat Reformlarinin baslangicindan baslayarak 1844 te ilk Arnavut alfabesinin sembolik bir tarih olarak yayinlanmasina kadar gecen sureyi kapsadigini iddia edebiliriz Prizren Ligi 1881 veya Sami Frasiri nin milliyetci Manifestosu nun 1899 da yayinlanmasi asama B ise Prizren Ligi nin Yuce Porte tarafindan ezilmesinden sonra ve ozellikle 1897 deki Yunan Osmanli 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245 doi 10 1080 13642980008406901 10 Ekim 2017 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 2 Mayis 2020 Hockenos Paul 2003 Homeland Calling Exile Patriotism amp the Balkan Wars Ithaca Cornell University Press ISBN 9780801441585 Jordan Robert S 2001 International organizations A comparative approach to the management of cooperation Westport Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 9780275965495 Jordan Peter 2015 An exception in the Balkans Albania s multi confessional identity Brunn Stanley D Ed The changing world religion map Sacred places identities practices and politics Dordrecht Springer ss 1577 1598 ISBN 9789401793766 Jovic Dejan 2009 Yugoslavia a state that withered away West Lafayette Purdue University Press ISBN 9781557534958 Judah Tim 2002 Kosovo War and revenge New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 9780300097252 Judah Tim 2008 Kosovo What everyone needs to know Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199704040 18 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 2 Mayis 2020 Kampschror Beth 2007 Ghosts of Kosovo Archaeology 60 4 10 Aralik 2012 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 2 Mayis 2020 King Russell Mai Nicola 2008 Out of Albania From crisis migration to social inclusion in Italy New York Berghahn Books ISBN 9781845455446 Kokolakis Mihalis 2003 To ystero Gianniwtiko Pasaliki xwros dioikhsh kai plh8ysmos sthn toyrkokratoymenh Hpeiro 1820 1913 The late Pashalik of Ioannina Space administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus 1820 1913 Atina EIE KNE ISBN 978 960 7916 11 2 29 Agustos 2019 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 2 Mayis 2020 Koktsidis Pavlos Ioannis Dam Caspar Ten 2008 A success story Analysing Albanian ethno nationalist extremism in the Balkans PDF East European Quarterly 42 2 ss 161 190 26 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 2 Mayis 2020 Kostov Chris 2010 Contested Ethnic Identity The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto 1900 1996 Oxford Peter Lang ISBN 9783034301961 Kressing Frank 2002 PDF Kressing Frank Kaser Karl Ed Albania a 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