Ermenistan kralları listesi

Bu madde Ermenistan Krallığı'nı, Bagratuni Krallığı'nı, 908-1170 yılları arasında var olmuş çeşitli küçük krallıkları ve en sonunda Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı'nı yöneten kralların bir listesidir. Listede ayrıca herhangi bir Ermeni krallığının olmadığı dönemlerde hüküm sürmüş vasal prensler ve krallar, daha sonra bu makamda hak iddia edenler de yer alıyor.

Antik Ermenistan (MÖ 521 - MS 428)

İlk satraplar (MÖ 521–401)

• , MÖ 6. yüzyılın sonlarında satrap oldu.Ahameniş kralı I. Darius tarafından kendisine Ermenistan bölgesi verilmiştir.
• , MÖ 5. yüzyılın başlarında satrap oldu.
• , MÖ 5. yüzyılın ortalarında satrap oldu.
• , MÖ 5. yüzyılın diğer yarısında satrap oldu.

Orontid Hanedanı (MÖ 401–200)

'sin modern tasviri, (MÖ h. 212-200)

• "Baktriyalı" , MÖ 401–344 yılları arasında satrap oldu. I. Hydarnes'in anne soyundan gelmiştir.
• III. Darius, satrap ?–before 338 BC (non-dynastic), later king as Darius III 336–330 BC
• , satrap before 338 BC, king 336–331 BC?, son or grandson of Orontes I – first ruler to rule as king
• , satrap 331–321 BC, son of Orontes II?, appointed satrap by Alexander the Great
• , satrap 323–321 BC (non-dynastic)
• , c. 317–260 BC, son of Orontes II?
• , c. 260 BC, son of Orontes III?
• , c. 260–c. 228 BC, son of Sames?
• , 228–c. 212 BC, son of Arsames
• , 212–200 BC, son of Arsames?

The Orontid dynasty lost power in 200 BC due to a revolt instigated by the . The Seleucid Empire then incorporated Armenia, which was placed under three vassal strategoi (military governors): (), () and Mithridates (). After a decade of vassalage, Armenian royal power was restored under Artaxias.

Artaxiad dynasty (200 BC–AD 2)

Coin of ( BC)

• , strategos 200–c. 190 BC, king c. 190–c. 160 BC, possibly part of a branch of the Orontid dynasty
• , c. 160–c. 120 BC, son of Artaxias I
• , c. 120–c. 95 BC, son of Artavasdes I
• "the Great", 96/95–56/55 BC, son of Tigranes I
• , 56–34/30 BC, son of Tigranes II
  • Alexander Helios, son of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, was nominally given the title of King of Armenia (among other eastern countries) by his parents in the (34 BC).
• , 34/30–20 BC, son of Artavasdes II
• , 20–8 BC, son of Artavasdes II
• and (first reign) 8–5 BC, son and daughter of Tigranes III
• , 5–2 BC, son of Artavasdes II
• Tigranes IV and Erato (second reign), 2 BC–AD 1
• Erato (alone), 1–2

Non-dynastic rulers (2–61)

Coin of ()

The first century AD was a time of intense conflict between the and empires. In Armenia, this resulted in rapid appointments and depositions of Armenian client kings by both sides.

• , 2–4, a prince and matrilineal descendant of Tigranes II
• , 4–6, son of Ariobarzanes
• , 6–12, a prince
• , 12–18, former king of the Parthian Empire
• , 18–34, a prince
• (Arshak I), 34–35, son of the Parthian king
• (first reign), 35–37, brother of the Iberian king
• , 37–41, son of the Parthian king Artabanus II
• Mithridates (second reign), 41–52
• Rhadamistus, 52–54, son of the Iberian king Pharasmanes I
• (first reign), 54–58, son of the Parthian king
• , 51–61/62, nephew of Tigranes V

Arsacid dynasty (61–428)

Statue of (54–58, 61/66–75/88)

Modern depiction of ()

• Tiridates I (second reign), c. 61/66–c. 75/88
• , c. 75/88–c. 110, son of Tiridates I?
• , c. 110–c. 112, son of the Parthian king
• , c. 112–c. 114, son of the Parthian king Pacorus II
  • Interregnum 114–117: Armenia is temporarily incorporated as of the Roman Empire
• , 117–144, son of Sanatruk
• (first reign), 144–160, a Roman consul with Arsacid and heritage
• , 160–163, son of the Parthian king
• Sohaemus (second reign), 164–c. 180
• , c. 180–190, son of the Parthian king Vologases IV, later ruled Parthia (as Vologases V) 190–208
• , c. 190–214/216, son of Vologases II
• , 217–252, son of Khosrov I
• , 252/253– c. 270, son of the Sasanian king Shapur I; made king of Armenia by his father after the Sasanians conquered the kingdom, later king of the Sasanian Empire (as Hormizd I)
• Narseh, c. 270–293, brother of Hormizd-Ardashir, later king of the Sasanian Empire
• , 279/280–287 (in western Armenia), son of Tiridates II?, enthroned by the Romans after Narseh ceded parts of western Armenia to Emperor
• Tiridates (III), 287–298, brother of Khosrov II, initially king of only western Armenia but later granted the rest of the kingdom after Narseh became king of the Sasanian Empire
• (or IV) "the Great", 298–330, son of Khosrov II
• "the Small", 330–338, son of Tiridates III
  • , a Sasanian-backed usurper belonging to the Arsacid dynasty, held much of Armenia for about a year in circa 336.
  • , son of Roman emperor , was nominated by the Romans as king of Armenia in 335/336 but died in 337 without Khosrov III having been displaced.
• (Tigranes VII), 338–350, son of Khosrov III
• , 350–368, son of Tiran
• , 368–374, son of Arshak II
• , 374–378, nephew of Pap (perhaps son of Pap's younger brother, Tiridates)
• , c. 378–387 and , c. 378–386, sons of Pap

In 384, the Sasanian Empire appointed as Armenian king, in opposition to the Roman-supported Arshak III. This resulted in Armenia becoming informally divided under the two kings. In 387, the division was made formal through an agreement between the Roman emperor Theodosius I and Sasanian king . The agreement saw Armenia be partitioned into a western (under Roman influence) and a eastern (under Sasanian influence) kingdom.

Western Armenia (387–389)

• Arshak III, 387–c. 389, former king of all of Armenia

Upon the death of Arshak III in 389, Emperor Theodosius I chose to not appoint another king, ending the western kingdom. Arshak's lands were instead incorporated into the Roman Empire.

Eastern Armenia (384–428)

• , 384–389, son of Varazdat?
• , 389/401–417, son of Varazdat?
• , 417–418, possibly the same person as Khosrov IV
• , 418–422, son of the Sasanian king , later king of the Sasanian Empire (as Shapur IV)
• , 422–428, son of Vramshapuh

In 428, the Sasanian king deposed Artaxias IV, with the permission of the Armenian nobility, and annexed his lands into the Sasanian Empire.

Vassal lords and princes (428–884)

Marzbāns in Sasanian Armenia (428–646)

20th-century artwork of , autonomous marzbān 485–505/510

The Sasanian-ruled Armenian territories were after 428 placed under the rule of an official with the title (governor-general or viceroy). The first marzbān, appointed by Bahram V, was the military officer .

The list of marzbāns is not entirely contiguous. This is due to gaps in the historical record as well as there having been periods without any appointed marzbāns. It was relatively common for the office to be vacant since the Sasanian Empire periodically tried to assert more direct control.

• , marzbān 428–442, Sasanian military officer
• , marzbān c. 442–451, Armenian noble
• , insurgent marzbān 482–483, Armenian noble
• , autonomous marzbān 485–505/510, Armenian noble
• , autonomous marzbān 505/510–509/514, Armenian noble
• , marzbān 518–548, Armenian noble
• , marzbān 574–576, Armenian noble
• , marzbān 591?, Armenian noble
• , marzbān 628 – after 631, Armenian noble

Presiding princes of Armenia (628–884)

Modern imaginary portrait of , who served as the last presiding prince of Armenia 856–884 and later reigned as King of Armenia (as Ashot I) 884–890

In the sixth century, the Byzantine Empire established the position of presiding prince of Armenia (formally "prince of the Armenians"). This office was created in an attempt to legitimize a local vassal leader with Byzantine backing and counteract Sasanian efforts in the region. During later centuries, the princes often wavered in allegiance between Byzantium and the Islamic Caliphates, who competed over influence in the region. The princes were most often autonomous tributary vassals. The earliest known presiding prince of Armenia is , appointed by the Byzantines in the early seventh century.

• , 628–635 (for the Byzantine Empire)
• , 635–638 (for the Byzantine Empire)
• (first time), 638–c. 645 (for the Byzantine Empire)
• , c. 645 (for the Byzantine Empire)
• Theodore Rshtuni (second time), 645–653 (for the Byzantine Empire), 653–655 (for the Rashidun Caliphate)
• , 654 (for the Byzantine Empire)
• , 655–657 (for the Rashidun Caliphate), 657–658 (for the Byzantine Empire)
• , 662–684/685 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)
• , 686–689/690 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)
• , 689/690–691 (for the Byzantine Empire)
• , 691–697; 700–711 (for the Byzantine Empire), 697–700 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)
• "the Blind", 732–748 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)
• , 748–750 (for the Umayyad Caliphate)
• , c. 750; head of insurgent members of the nobility
• , c. 755–761 (for the Abbasid Caliphate)
• , 761–772 (for the Abbasid Caliphate)
• Tatzates Andzevatsi, 780–782/785 (for the Abbasid Caliphate)
• "the Carnivorous", 806–826 (for the Abbasid Caliphate)
• "the Confessor", 826–855 (for the Abbasid Caliphate)
• , "Prince of Princes" 830–852 (for the Abbasid Caliphate)
• "the Great", 856–884 (for the Appasid Caliphate); "Prince of Princes" in 856 and king in 884

Restored kingdom (884–1045)

Bagratuni dynasty (884–1045)

Statue of ()

After more than four centuries of dormancy, the Armenian kingdom was restored under the , from which several presiding princes had hailed. The caliphs were prominent supporters of the Bagratuni princes gaining power over other Armenian nobles due to fears of Byzantine influence in the region. In 884, Prince Ashot V Bagratuni was crowned king (as Ashot I) by his peers. Ashot's new position was recognised by both the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate; Emperor and Caliph each sent him a royal crown.

• "the Great", 884–890, previously prince
• "the Martyr", 890–913, son of Ashot I
• "the Iron", 914–928, son of Smbat I
  • , c. 915–920; usurper installed by
• , 928–953, son of Smbat I
• "the Merciful", 953–977, son of Abas I
• "the Conqueror", 977–989, son of Ashot III
• , 989–1017/1020, son of Ashot III
• , 1017/1020–1040/1041 (in Ani), son of Gagik I
• "the Valiant", 1017/1020–1040/1041 (in ), son of Gagik I
• , 1042–1045, son of Ashot IV

The Bagratid kingdom and its capital of Ani was conquered by the Byzantine Empire under Emperor in 1045.

Lesser medieval Armenian kingdoms

Vaspurakan, Artsruni dynasty (908–1021)

The Artsruni family ruled in Vaspurakan as princes under the Bagratuni kings. The Artsruni family revolted after King Smbat ceded some of the Artsruni lands to the nearby princes of . Shortly thereafter, in 908, Vaspurakan became a separate kingdom with Gagik Artsruni's recognition as a king by Abbasid caliph.

• , 908–937/943
• , 937/943–953, son of Gagik
• , 953–969/972, son of Gagik
• , 969/972–991, son of Abusahl-Hamazasp
• , 991–1003, son of Abusahl-Hamazasp
• , 1003–1021, son of Abusahl-Hamazasp

Senekerim-Hovhannes, the last king of Vaspurakan, surrendered his crown to the Byzantine Empire in 1021 under pressure from incursions by the and resettled with his family in .

Vanand, Bagratuni dynasty (961–1065)

The Kingdom of Vanand was created as a vassal state by the Bagratuni kings in 961, ruled by members of their own dynasty.

• , 961/962–984, son of Abas I of Armenia
• , 984–1029, son of Mushegh
• , 1029–1065, son of Abas I; claimed the position of king of all Armenia after the collapse of the main Bagratid kingdom in 1045.

Vanand was ceded to the Byzantine Empire by Gagik-Abas II in 1065.

Tashir-Dzoraget, Kiurikian dynasty (982–c. 1145)

of (left, ) and of Armenia (right, r. 977–989)

The Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget was a vassal kingdom founded in 982 by Kiuriki I, youngest son of Ashot III of Armenia, and was thereafter ruled by his descendants. It was for most of its history ruled from the fortress of .

• , 982–989, son of Ashot III of Armenia
• "the Landless", 989–1046/1048, son of Kiurike I
• , 1046/1048–1081/1089, son of David I
• and , c. 1089–c. 1145, sons of Kiurike II

Tashir-Dzoraget was largely conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1081/1089. In the early 12th century, further conquests led to David II and Abas only retaining control of the fortress of . The kingdom was fully conquered by around 1145, though it is possible that some members of the Kiurikian dynasty retained control of fortresses and settlements in the region thereafter.

Syunik, Siunia dynasty (970–1170)

The independent was established under the Siuni prince Smbat Sahak in 970.

• , 970–998
• , 998–1019, son of Smbat I
• , 1019–1044, cousin and nephew of Vasak
• , 1044–1084, brother of Smbat II
• , 1084–1094, adoptive son of Grigor I
• , 1094–1166, son of Senekerim
• , 1166–1170, son-in-law of Grigor II

The Kingdom of Syunik was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1170.

Shah-i Armens (1100–1185; 1420–1437)

Coin of , the last Shah-i Armen ()

Ahlat Shah-i Armens (1100–1185)

In the decades following the (1071), one of the vassal dynasties of the Seljuk Turks gained control of Ahlat, in the former Armenian heartland. These Muslim emirs took the title Shah-i Armen ("King of the Armenians"); the same title Islamic sources had previously used for the Bagratuni kings.

• , 1100–1111
• , 1111–1127
• , 1127
• , 1128–1185

Sökmen II left no heirs, his death in 1185 terminating the Shah-i Armen dynastic line. Ahlat was thereafter ruled by a series of slave emirs; 1185–1193, 1193–1198, 1198, 1198–1207, and 1207. The city's period of relative autonomy came to an end when it was captured by the in 1207.

Qara Qoyunlu (1420–1437)

The title Shah-i Armen was temporarily revived in the 15th century under the rule of the Turkmen , being used by Sultan as part of his policy to cultivate the Armenian population.

• , 1420–1437

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080–1375)

The was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenians who fled the invasion of their homeland. It was initially ruled by the , an offshoot of the Bagratuni dynasty. While the Rubenid rulers were initially regional princes, their close ties with the Western world after the saw the principality recognised as a kingdom under by the in 1198. The rulers of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilia thereafter styled themselves simply as "King of Armenia".

Rubenid dynasty (1080–1252)

19th-century depiction of ()

• , prince 1080–1095
• , prince 1095–1099, son of Ruben I
• , prince 1100–1129, son of Constantine I
• , prince 1129–1138, son of Constantine I
  • Interregnum 1138–1145: Cilicia was occupied by the Byzantine Empire
• , prince 1145–1169, son of Leo I
• , prince 1169–1170, son of Theodore II
• , prince 1170–1175, son of Leo I
• , prince 1175–1186, grandson of Leo I
• "the Magnificent", prince (as Leo II) 1186–1198 and king 1198–1219, brother of Ruben III
• , 1219–1252, daughter of Leo I
• , 1222–1224, first husband and co-ruler of Isabella

Hethumid dynasty (1226–1341)

Coin depicting () and (r. 1226–1269)

The Hethumid dynasty gained power through marriage with Isabella of the Rubenid dynasty. Upon her death, her husband became sole ruler and he was followed as king by their descendants.

• , 1226–1269, second husband of Isabella
• , 1269–1289, son of Hethum I and Isabella
• (first reign), 1289–1293, son of Leo II
• , 1293–1294, son of Leo II
• Hethum II (second reign), 1294–1296
• , 1296–1298, son of Leo II
• , 1298–1299, son of Leo II
• Hethum II (third reign), 1299–1305
• , 1305–1308, son of Thoros
• , 1308–1320, son of Leo II
• , 1320–1341, son of Oshin

Lusignan and Neghir dynasties (1342–1375)

Bust of , the last King of Armenia ()

After the death of in 1341, Leo's cousin Guy de Lusignan was elected to succeed him as , beginning the rule of the Lusignan dynasty. This dynasty ruled for just over three decades before Cilicia was captured by the , bringing an end to the kingdom.

• , 1342–1344, cousin and chosen successor of Leo IV (House of Lusignan)
• , 1344–1363, elected by the Armenian nobility; grandnephew of Hethum I (House of Neghir)
• "the Usurper", 1363–1365, unknown lineage; seized the throne and then abdicated after a reign of two years
• , 1365–1373, cousin of Constantine III (House of Neghir)
  • , King of Cyprus, was invited to become king by some Armenian barons in 1368 but died in 1369 while making preparations to cross the sea to Cilicia with his forces
• , regent 1373–1374, widow of Constantine III and Constantine IV; served as regent while delegations were sent to negotiate with prospective new candidates for the kingship
• (or VI), 1374–1375, nephew of Constantine II (House of Lusignan)

Later claimants

Lusignan claimants (1375–1489)

Leo V continued to claim the title "King of Armenia" in exile until his death in 1393. Leo's claims were then inherited by , his cousin (both were great-grandsons of the Cypriot king ) who ruled as King of Cyprus. From 1393 to the end of the Cypriot kingdom in 1489, the rulers of Cyprus claimed the full title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".

• Leo V, 1375–1393, former king of Armenia
• , 1393–1398, distant cousin of Leo V
• , 1398–1432, son of James I
• , 1432–1458, son of Janus
• , 1458–1464, daughter of John II
• , 1464–1473, son of John II
• , 1473–1474, son of James II
• Catherine Cornaro, 1474–1489, widow of James II and mother of James III

After the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, Catherine Cornaro sold her claims and titles (including her claim to Armenia) to the , which at times thereafter advanced a shadowy claim to Cilicia or Armenia as a whole.

Savoyard claimants (1485–1946)

The claimed the titular style "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" for centuries. It was in use as late as the 20th century, for instance by of Italy (pictured).

Charlotte, who ruled as Queen of Cyprus 1458–1464, was deposed in 1464 but maintained claims to her titles in exile. In 1485, she ceded all her titular claims to her first cousin once removed, . As a consequence of Charlotte's sale, the is often seen as the heirs of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus and Armenian Cilicia. For centuries thereafter, the heads of the family maintained the style "Duke of Savoy and titular King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".

The title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" was maintained even after the Savoyard dynasts became , for instance being used by both and .

• Charlotte of Cyprus, 1464–1485, former queen of Cyprus
• , 1485–1490, first cousin once removed of Charlotte, ceded titles
• , 1490–1496, son of Charles I
• , 1496–1497, uncle of Charles I
• , 1497–1504, son of Philip II
• , 1504–1553, son of Philip II
• , 1553–1580, son of Charles III
• , 1580–1630, son of Emmanuel Philibert
• , 1630–1637, son of Charles Emmanuel I
• , 1637–1638, son of Victor Amadeus I
• , 1638–1675, son of Victor Amadeus I
• , 1675–1730, son of Charles Emmanuel II
• , 1730–1773, son of Victor Amadeus II
• , 1773–1796, son of Charles Emmanuel III
• , 1796–1802, son of Victor Amadeus III
• , 1802–1821, son of Victor Amadeus III
• , 1821–1831, son of Victor Amadeus III
• , 1831–1849, great-great-grandson of Victor Amadeus I
• , 1849–1878, son of Charles Albert
• , 1878–1900, son of Victor Emmanuel II
• , 1900–1946, son of Umberto I
• , 1946, son of Victor Emmanuel III

Ayrıca bakınız

• Ermenistan tarihi

Notlar

Kaynakça

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