Meyyâfârikîn Kuşatması Moğolların son Eyyubi hükümdarı Kâmil Muhammed e karşı Meyyāfāriqīn modern Silvan

Meyyâfârikîn Kuşatması, Moğolların son Eyyubi hükümdarı Kâmil Muhammed'e karşı Meyyāfāriqīn (modern Silvan, Diyarbakır ) şehrinde 1259 ile 1260 yılları arasında yaptığı kuşatmadır. Meyyâfârikîn Kuşatması, 1258 Bağdat Kuşatması'nı yakından takip etti ve Moğolların Suriye'deki seferlerinin başlangıcı oldu.

Meyyâfârikîn Kuşatması

Tarih	1259-1260
Bölge	Meyyâfârikîn (Günümüzde Silvan, Diyarbakır, Türkiye)
Meyyâfârikîn Kuşatması'nın yeri
Sonuç	Moğol zaferi

Taraflar

Eyyûbîler

İlhanlılar
Zakaryanlar

Zengîler

Komutanlar ve liderler

Kâmil Muhammed

Çağatay

I. Şahinşah
İsmail bin Lülü

1259 baharında, son Eyyubi hükümdarı Kâmil Muhammed tarafından savunulan Meyyâfârikîn (Diyarbakır) Kuşatmasında Ermeni Prensi Prosh Khaghbakian, Ermeni Zakaryan-Mhargrdzeli hükümdarı I. Şahinşah ile birlikte büyük bir Gürcü ve Ermeni kuvvetinin Hülâgû'nun Moğol birliklerinden çok daha küçük bir kuvveti desteklemesine öncülük etti. askeri birimleri de katıldı ve kısa süre sonra Moğolların Şam Kuşatmasına (1260) da katılacaklardı. Türk Zengi hükümdarı Bedreddin Lülü'nün İsmail bin Lülü (1259-1262) adlı oğlu ve halefi, babasının yolundan devam etti ve aynı zamanda Meyyâfârikîn Kuşatması'nda, birlikler ve kuşatma mühendisleriyle birlikte Hülâgû'nun Moğol birliklerini destekledi.

Uzun kuşatmanın dehşeti dönemin Ermeni tarihçi Kirakos Gandzaketsi tarafından şöyle anlatılmıştı:

Temiz ve kirli hayvanları yediler, sonra yiyecek kalmayınca insanları yemeye başladılar. Güçlü zayıfı yiyordu. Fakir insanlar tükenince birbirlerine düşman oldular. Babalar oğullarını, kadınlar da kızlarını yerdi; ve rahimlerinin meyvesini esirgemediler. Aşıklar sevdiklerinden, arkadaşlarından, tanıdıklarından vazgeçtiler. Ve yiyecek stoku o kadar azalmıştı ki, bir "litr" insan eti yetmiş dahekan'a satıldı. İnsanlar ve yiyecek tamamen tükenmişti, üstelik sadece orada değil (şehirde) ama tehlike diğer birçok bölgeyi de tehdit ediyordu, çünkü şehri kuşatanlar, zaten Tatarlar tarafından zapt edilen toprakları vergi toplama ve onlara yiyecek ve içecek taşıma yoluyla taciz ediyorlardı. Kışın dağları kaplayan kar yağışından dolayı çok sayıda insan hayatını kaybetti.
— Kirakos, Ermeni Tarihi.

İki yıl süren kuşatmanın ardından şehir nihayet ele geçirildiğinde Müslümanlar katledilmiş, ancak Hristiyanlar kurtulmuştur. Hristiyan kutsal emanetleri toplanıp Ermenistan'a, özellikle de Hağpat Manastırı'na getirilmiştir.

Çatışmada Kachenli Ermeni Prensi Sevata öldürülmüştür. Ermeni yazar Vartan'a göre o, "Tanrı'ya ve İlhan'a her zaman sadık olan ölümsüz tacı kazandı; İsa uğruna kanlarını paylaşanların zaferini paylaşacak".

Sonunda Eyyubi hükümdarı Kâmil Muhammed, 7 Nisan 1260'ta (23 Rabia II 658) Meyyâfârikîn'in Moğolların eline geçmesiyle, öldürülmüştür.

Bu arada Hülâgû, Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı'ndan I. Hethum'un güçleri ve Antakya Prensi VI. Boemondo'nun Haçlıları eşliğinde Suriye'nin geri kalanını fethine devam etmiştir. Gürcü hükümdarı VII. Davit, 1258 Bağdat Kuşatması'nda büyük kayıplar verdiği gerekçesiyle Moğolların Suriye'deki seferlerine daha fazla Gürcü-Ermeni askeri göndermeyi reddetmiştir. Suriye'de kalan Eyyubi devletlerinden Halep, Halep Kuşatması'nda (1260) düşerken, Humus, Hama ve Şam barış içinde teslim olmuştur.

Kaynakça

^ ^a ^b Eastmond, Antony (1 Ocak 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. s. 373. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.014. Perhaps the most extreme case came when Armenians, including Avag, his cousin Shahnshah and his vassal , were required to besiege Mayyafariqin, the northernmost Ayyubid base in the Jazira before the capture of Akhlat. It took two years to reduce the city, leading to a situation far worse than that faced in Akhlat in 1229–30.
^ ^a ^b Sicker, Martin (30 Haziran 2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna (İngilizce). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ss. 111-112. ISBN . 17 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 28 Mart 2024. A small Mongol detachment, supported by a much larger force of Georgians and Armenians who saw themselves as participating in a crusade against the Muslims under the command of Georgian leader Hasan Brosh, moved against Diyarbekir, which fell after a long siege. While the siege was under way, Hulagu, together with a Christian army from Lesser Armenia, prepared to conquer Musim Syria. (...) He then crossed the Euphrates, and laid siege to Aleppo on January 18, 1260, with the support of Hethum's Armenians and the Frankish troops supplied by Bohemond VI from Antioch. (....) Operating under the Mongol security umbrella, Bohemond also seized the Muslim coastal enclave at Latakia, thereby resestablishing Frankish control of all land between Tripoli and Antioch for the first time since 1187.
^ Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan 2011, ss. 133-134"The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyāfāriqīn and Amida, Al-Kamil Muhammad, had broken his vow to Hűlegű to supply troops for the siege of Baghdad . (...) Hűlegű sent support, in the form of Mongol-Christian troops commanded by a certain Chaghatai and the Armenian Prince . The Governor of Mosul, Badr al-Dīn Lu’lu’, who was in conflict with al-Kāmil Muhammad, sent a supporting force to the Mongols commanded by his son, along with siege engineers to Mayyāfāriqīn."}}
^ Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (31 Temmuz 2023). The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes (İngilizce). Cambridge University Press. s. 761. ISBN . 11 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 28 Mart 2024. Prosh Khaghbakian, together with units of the Cilician army, participated in the siege of the fortress of Mayyāfāriqin in the spring of the same year.
^ Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan, D. (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Leiden ; Boston: Brill. s. 133-134. ISBN . The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyāfāriqīn and Amida, Al-Kamil Muhammad, had broken his vow to Hűlegű to supply troops for the siege of Baghdad . (...) Hűlegű sent support, in the form of Mongol-Christian troops commanded by a certain Chaghatai and the Armenian Prince . The Governor of Mosul, Badr al-Dīn Lu’lu’, who was in conflict with al-Kāmil Muhammad, sent a supporting force to the Mongols commanded by his son, along with siege engineers to Mayyāfāriqīn.
^ Eastmond, Antony (1 Ocak 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. s. 373. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grousset, René (1970). The empire of the steppes; a history of central Asia (İngilizce ve Fransızca). New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press. ss. 360-361. ISBN .
^ Eastmond, Antony (1 Ocak 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. s. 374. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.014. When Mayyafariqin finally fell to the Mongols in 1260 the Armenian troops in the army rushed in to rescue Christian relics.The bones of martyrs of Diocletian’s persecutions of the third century had been gathered in the city by its bishop, St Maruta (c. 399–410), giving the city its alternative name of Martyropolis, the ‘City of Martyrs’. The soldiers then gave these captured relics to their monasteries. Haghbat managed to acquire the hand of the Apostle St Bartholomew: ‘And it really is still there.’
^ Muqaras: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers, eds. Gülru Necipoğlu, Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Anna Contadinia, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden 2004, ISSN 0732-2992 vol.21 p. 354
^ Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan 2011, s. 137 "Hűlegű demanded that the Georgian King David Ulu support his conquest of Syria and Egypt . Surprisingly, David refused. One might have expected that the Georgian king would have been more than interested in liberating the Holy Land . However, David was not only disinterested in this venture, but also bold enough to refuse Hűlegű’s order. In addition, he sought a revolt, which was suppressed by Arghun Aqa in Southern Georgia in 1260. David Ulu ’s refusal to participate in the Mongol campaign in Syria can be explained by his huge loss of men in the battle for Baghdad."
^ Humphreys, R. S. From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus, SUNY Press 1977, pp. 348-351

[AE373-1] Eastmond, Antony (1 Ocak 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. s. 373. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.014. Perhaps the most extreme case came when Armenians, including Avag, his cousin Shahnshah and his vassal , were required to besiege Mayyafariqin, the northernmost Ayyubid base in the Jazira before the capture of Akhlat. It took two years to reduce the city, leading to a situation far worse than that faced in Akhlat in 1229–30.

[MS-2] Sicker, Martin (30 Haziran 2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna (İngilizce). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ss. 111-112. ISBN . 17 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 28 Mart 2024. A small Mongol detachment, supported by a much larger force of Georgians and Armenians who saw themselves as participating in a crusade against the Muslims under the command of Georgian leader Hasan Brosh, moved against Diyarbekir, which fell after a long siege. While the siege was under way, Hulagu, together with a Christian army from Lesser Armenia, prepared to conquer Musim Syria. (...) He then crossed the Euphrates, and laid siege to Aleppo on January 18, 1260, with the support of Hethum's Armenians and the Frankish troops supplied by Bohemond VI from Antioch. (....) Operating under the Mongol security umbrella, Bohemond also seized the Muslim coastal enclave at Latakia, thereby resestablishing Frankish control of all land between Tripoli and Antioch for the first time since 1187.

[3] Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan 2011, ss. 133-134"The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyāfāriqīn and Amida, Al-Kamil Muhammad, had broken his vow to Hűlegű to supply troops for the siege of Baghdad . (...) Hűlegű sent support, in the form of Mongol-Christian troops commanded by a certain Chaghatai and the Armenian Prince . The Governor of Mosul, Badr al-Dīn Lu’lu’, who was in conflict with al-Kāmil Muhammad, sent a supporting force to the Mongols commanded by his son, along with siege engineers to Mayyāfāriqīn."}}

[4] Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (31 Temmuz 2023). The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes (İngilizce). Cambridge University Press. s. 761. ISBN . 11 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 28 Mart 2024. Prosh Khaghbakian, together with units of the Cilician army, participated in the siege of the fortress of Mayyāfāriqin in the spring of the same year.

[5] Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan, D. (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Leiden ; Boston: Brill. s. 133-134. ISBN . The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyāfāriqīn and Amida, Al-Kamil Muhammad, had broken his vow to Hűlegű to supply troops for the siege of Baghdad . (...) Hűlegű sent support, in the form of Mongol-Christian troops commanded by a certain Chaghatai and the Armenian Prince . The Governor of Mosul, Badr al-Dīn Lu’lu’, who was in conflict with al-Kāmil Muhammad, sent a supporting force to the Mongols commanded by his son, along with siege engineers to Mayyāfāriqīn.

[6] Eastmond, Antony (1 Ocak 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. s. 373. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.014.

[Grousset360-7] Grousset, René (1970). The empire of the steppes; a history of central Asia (İngilizce ve Fransızca). New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press. ss. 360-361. ISBN .

[AE374-8] Eastmond, Antony (1 Ocak 2017). Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. s. 374. doi:10.1017/9781316711774.014. When Mayyafariqin finally fell to the Mongols in 1260 the Armenian troops in the army rushed in to rescue Christian relics.The bones of martyrs of Diocletian’s persecutions of the third century had been gathered in the city by its bishop, St Maruta (c. 399–410), giving the city its alternative name of Martyropolis, the ‘City of Martyrs’. The soldiers then gave these captured relics to their monasteries. Haghbat managed to acquire the hand of the Apostle St Bartholomew: ‘And it really is still there.’

[9] Muqaras: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers, eds. Gülru Necipoğlu, Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Anna Contadinia, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden 2004, ISSN 0732-2992 vol.21 p. 354

[10] Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan 2011, s. 137 "Hűlegű demanded that the Georgian King David Ulu support his conquest of Syria and Egypt . Surprisingly, David refused. One might have expected that the Georgian king would have been more than interested in liberating the Holy Land . However, David was not only disinterested in this venture, but also bold enough to refuse Hűlegű’s order. In addition, he sought a revolt, which was suppressed by Arghun Aqa in Southern Georgia in 1260. David Ulu ’s refusal to participate in the Mongol campaign in Syria can be explained by his huge loss of men in the battle for Baghdad."

[11] Humphreys, R. S. From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus, SUNY Press 1977, pp. 348-351