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ParaHoxozoa veya Parahoxozoa Bilateria Placozoa ve Cnidaria dan oluşan bir hayvan kladıdır Bu kladın diğer iki hayv

ParaHoxozoa

ParaHoxozoa
www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.azhttps://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az

ParaHoxozoa (veya Parahoxozoa), Bilateria, Placozoa ve Cnidaria'dan oluşan bir hayvan kladıdır. Bu kladın diğer iki hayvan soyu olan Ctenophora ve Porifera ile ilişkisi tartışmalıdır. Bazı filogenomik çalışmalar, Ctenophora'nın Parahoxozoa'nın kardeş grubu, Porifera'nın da diğer hayvanlarla kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur (örn.). Bazı araştırmalar, Porifera'nın Parahoxozoa'nın ve Ctenophora'nın diğer hayvanların kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur (örn.).

ParaHoxozoa
Yaşadığı dönem aralığı: 605,2-0 myö
Ediyakaran-Günümüz 
PreЄ
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image
Trichoplax adhaerens
Biyolojik sınıflandırma
Âlem: Animalia
Alt âlem: Eumetazoa
Klad: ParaHoxozoa
Ryan vd., 2010
Kladlar
  • Placozoa
  • Cnidaria
  • /Bilateria

Bu filogenomik çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu ile uyumlu olan aşağıdaki ağaç, bu belirsizliği bir politomi ile aktarmaktadır.

 

Choanoflagellataimage

 
Animalia
 

Ctenophoraimage

 
 

Porifera image

 
Parahoxozoa
 

Placozoaimage

 
 

Cnidariaimage

 
 

Bilateriaimage

 
 
 
 
 

Karakteristik

Parahoxozoa, kladın adını aldığı Hox/ParaHox-ANTP'nin yanı sıra, birkaç gen altsınıfının (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD) varlığıyla da tanımlandı. Daha sonra Hox/ParaHox, NK geni ve Cdx Parahox geninin aynı sınıfta (ANTP) ve sünger olan Porifera'da mevcut olduğu iddia edildi. ParaHox geninin kesin olarak tanımlanıp tanımlanmadığına bakılmaksızın, Parahoxozoa, orijinal olarak tanımlandığı gibi monofiletik olduğundan bu şekilde kullanılmaya devam eder.

Planula-acoel, triploblasti ve bilateria benzerlikleri

Orijinal Bilateria'nın, tek vücut açıklığına sahip, dipte yaşayan bir solucan olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, Ctenophora ile içten bir gelişmişlik de olabilir. İç-bağırsak, dudakların kaynaşmasıyla tek bir açıklığın köşelerinden gelişmiş de olabilir. Örneğin: Acoela, bazı bilaterian simetrilerini sergileyen bazı Cnidaria'ların planula larvalarına benzer. Tıpkı Cnidarian Buddenbrockia'nın olduğu gibi vermiformdur ve Placozoa'nın planulayla benzerlikler kaydedilmiştir. Genellikle, "Planulozoa", Placozoa'nın dışında tutulur, ancak her zaman geçerli değildir. Bu konuda Parahoxozoa ile eş anlamlı görünmektedir. Ayrıca, Triploblasti'de Cnidara-Bilateria radyasyonundan önce gelişmiştir.

Kaynakça

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ParaHoxozoa veya Parahoxozoa Bilateria Placozoa ve Cnidaria dan olusan bir hayvan kladidir Bu kladin diger iki hayvan soyu olan Ctenophora ve Porifera ile iliskisi tartismalidir Bazi filogenomik calismalar Ctenophora nin Parahoxozoa nin kardes grubu Porifera nin da diger hayvanlarla kardes grubu oldugunu destekleyen kanitlar sunmustur orn Bazi arastirmalar Porifera nin Parahoxozoa nin ve Ctenophora nin diger hayvanlarin kardes grubu oldugunu destekleyen kanitlar sunmustur orn ParaHoxozoa Yasadigi donem araligi 605 2 0 myo Ediyakaran Gunumuz PreYeYeOSDCPTJKPgNTrichoplax adhaerensBiyolojik siniflandirmaAlem AnimaliaAlt alem EumetazoaKlad ParaHoxozoa Ryan vd 2010KladlarPlacozoa Cnidaria Bilateria Bu filogenomik calismalarin buyuk cogunlugu ile uyumlu olan asagidaki agac bu belirsizligi bir politomi ile aktarmaktadir Choanoflagellata Animalia Ctenophora Porifera Parahoxozoa Placozoa Cnidaria Bilateria KarakteristikParahoxozoa kladin adini aldigi Hox ParaHox ANTP nin yani sira birkac gen altsinifinin HNF CUT PROS ZF CERS K50 S50 PRD varligiyla da tanimlandi Daha sonra Hox ParaHox NK geni ve Cdx Parahox geninin ayni sinifta ANTP ve sunger olan Porifera da mevcut oldugu iddia edildi ParaHox geninin kesin olarak tanimlanip tanimlanmadigina bakilmaksizin Parahoxozoa orijinal olarak tanimlandigi gibi monofiletik oldugundan bu sekilde kullanilmaya devam eder Planula acoel triploblasti ve bilateria benzerlikleriOrijinal Bilateria nin tek vucut acikligina sahip dipte yasayan bir solucan oldugu varsayilmaktadir Bununla birlikte Ctenophora ile icten bir gelismislik de olabilir Ic bagirsak dudaklarin kaynasmasiyla tek bir acikligin koselerinden gelismis de olabilir Ornegin Acoela bazi bilaterian simetrilerini sergileyen bazi Cnidaria larin planula larvalarina benzer Tipki Cnidarian Buddenbrockia nin oldugu gibi vermiformdur ve Placozoa nin planulayla benzerlikler kaydedilmistir Genellikle Planulozoa Placozoa nin disinda tutulur ancak her zaman gecerli degildir Bu konuda Parahoxozoa ile es anlamli gorunmektedir Ayrica Triploblasti de Cnidara Bilateria radyasyonundan once gelismistir Kaynakca Giribet Gonzalo 2016 Genomics and the animal tree of life conflicts and future prospects Zoologica Scripta Ingilizce Cilt 45 ss 14 21 doi 10 1111 zsc 12215 ISSN 1463 6409 Ryan Joseph F Pang Kevin Mullikin James C Martindale Mark Q Baxevanis Andreas D 2010 The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa EvoDevo 1 1 s 9 doi 10 1186 2041 9139 1 9 ISSN 2041 9139 PMC 2959044 2 PMID 20920347 Ryan Joseph F Pang Kevin Mullikin James C Martindale Mark Q Baxevanis Andreas D 4 Ekim 2010 The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa EvoDevo 1 1 9 doi 10 1186 2041 9139 1 9 ISSN 2041 9139 PMC 2959044 2 PMID 20920347 Pick K S Philippe H Schreiber F Erpenbeck D Jackson D J Wrede P Wiens M Alie A Morgenstern 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