Temmuz Krizi, 1914 yazında Avrupa'nın büyük güçleri arasında I. Dünya Savaşı'nın nihai nedeni olan, birbiriyle ilişkili bir dizi diplomatik ve askeri tırmanıştı. Kriz, 28 Haziran 1914'te Bosnalı Sırp Gavrilo Princip'in Avusturya-Macaristan tahtının varisi olan Arşidük Franz Ferdinand suikast sonucu ölümüyle başladı. Karmaşık bir ittifaklar ağı, birçok liderin savaşın kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda olduğuna veya genel bir savaşın olmayacağına dair yanlış hesaplamalarıyla birleştiğinde, Ağustos 1914'ün başlarında hemen hemen her büyük Avrupa ülkesi arasında genel bir düşmanlık patlak vermesine neden oldu; Mayıs 1915'e kadar neredeyse her büyük Avrupa ülkesi dahil oldu.
Ayrıca bakınız
Notlar
Kaynakça
Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
- Albrecht-Carrié, René. A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958), pp 321–34. basic survey
- (1952-1953). Origins of the War of 1914 (3 volumes) (İngilizce). Londra: Oxford University Press. OCLC 443476100.
- (1964). The Kaiser and His Times (İngilizce). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1035915119.
- Beatty, Jack. The lost history of 1914: Reconsidering the year the Great War began (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2012) excerpt17 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde ..
- Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von (1920). Reflections on the World War (İngilizce). Londra: Thornton Butterworth Ltd. OCLC 39131741.
- (1999). Foundations of World Order: The Legalist Approach to International Relations (1898–1922) (İngilizce). ABD: Duke University Press. ISBN .
- Butler, David Allen (2010). The Burden of Guilt: How Germany Shattered the Last Days of Peace, Summer 1914 (İngilizce). Casemate. ISBN .
- (2013) [2012]. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (İngilizce). Penguin Books. ISBN . LCCN 2012515665.
- (1966). The Road to Sarajevo (İngilizce). New York: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 954608737.
- (1929). The origins of the world war (İngilizce). Volume 2. Macmillan. 25 Aralık 2019 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 26 Eylül 2020., pp 183–668. highly detailed coverage.
- (1967). Germany's Aims in the First World War (İngilizce). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN .
- Fromkin, David (2004). Europe's Last Summer: Why the World Went to War in 1914 (İngilizce). Heinemann. ISBN .
- (1967). July 1914 The Outbreak of the First World War: selected Documents. The Norton Library (İngilizce). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
- Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (2004). Decisions for War, 1914–1917 (İngilizce). ISBN .
- Lieven, D. C. B (1997). "Russia Accepts a General War". Herwig, Holger (Ed.). The Outbreak of World War I : causes and responsibilities (İngilizce) (6.6isbn=978-0-669-41692-3 bas.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Hewitson, Mark (2004). Germany and the Causes of the First World War (İngilizce). Berg: Oxford. ISBN .
- (2007). The First World War: A Very Short Introduction. (İngilizce). US: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Kautsky, Karl, (Ed.) (1924). Outbreak of the World War: German Documents (İngilizce). Oxford University Press. OCLC 1181368.
- Langer, William L, (Ed.) (1968). Western Civilization: Vol 2: The struggle for Empire to Europe in the Modern World (İngilizce). ISBN . OCLC 1345956.
- Levy, Jack S. "Preferences, constraints, and choices in July 1914." International Security 15.3 (1990): 151–186.
- MacMillan, Margaret (2013). The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (İngilizce) (Kindle bas.). Penguin Books. ISBN .
- McMeekin, Sean. July 1914: Countdown to War (2014) scholarly account, day-by-day
- Neilson, Keith. "1914: The German War?." European History Quarterly 44.3 (2014): 395–418.
- Otte, Thomas (2014). July Crisis, The World's Descent into War, Summer 1914 (İngilizce). Cambridge. ISBN . 28 Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 26 Eylül 2020.
- (1984). The Sarajevo Trial (İngilizce). Chapel Hill, NC: Documentary Publications. ISBN .
- Paddock, Troy R. E. A Call to Arms: Propaganda, Public Opinion, and Newspapers in the Great War (2004) online21 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Palmer, Alan (1994). Twilight of the Habsburgs: the Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Atlantic Monthly Press.
- Ponting, Clive (2002). Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War (İngilizce). Chatto & Windus. ISBN . 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 26 Eylül 2020.
- Powel, Meilyr. "The Welsh press and the July Crisis of 1914." First World War Studies 8.2-3 (2017): 133-152 online[].
- (1973). 1914: Delusion or Design (İngilizce). Londra: Elek. ISBN .0
- Scott, Jonathan French. Five Weeks: The Surge of Public Opinion on the Eve of the Great War (1927) online21 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- (2004). The First World War (İngilizce). Viking. ISBN .
- Tuchman, Barbara (2004) [1962]. The Guns of August (İngilizce). ABD: Presidio Press. ISBN .
- Wawro, Geoffrey. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (2014)
Tarihyazımı
- Evans, R. J. W. "The Greatest Catastrophe the World Has Seen" The New York Review of Books Feb 6, 2014 online
- Horne, John, ed. A Companion to World War I (2012) 38 topics essays by scholars; emphasis on historiography
- Kramer, Alan. "Recent Historiography of the First World War – Part I", Journal of Modern European History (Feb. 2014) 12#1 pp 5–27; "Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II)", (May 2014) 12#2 pp 155–174.
- Levy, Jack S., and John A. Vasquez, eds. The Outbreak of the First World War: Structure, Politics, and Decision-Making (Cambridge UP, 2014).
- Mombauer, Annika. "Guilt or Responsibility? The Hundred-Year Debate on the Origins of World War I." Central European History 48.4 (2015): 541–564.
- Mulligan, William. "The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War." English Historical Review (2014) 129#538 pp: 639–666.
- Vasquez, John A. "The First World War and International Relations Theory: A Review of Books on the 100th Anniversary." International Studies Review 16#4 (2014): 623–644.
- Williamson Jr, Samuel R., and Ernest R. May. "An identity of opinion: Historians and July 1914." Journal of Modern History 79.2 (2007): 335–387. online21 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Winter, Jay. and Antoine Prost eds. The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present (2005)
- Zagare, Frank C. The games of July: explaining the Great War (U of Michigan Press, 2011), uses game theory.
- Zametica, John. Folly and Malice: The Habsburg Empire, the Balkans and the Start of World War One (2017) excerpt 10 Mart 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
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Temmuz Krizi 1914 yazinda Avrupa nin buyuk gucleri arasinda I Dunya Savasi nin nihai nedeni olan birbiriyle iliskili bir dizi diplomatik ve askeri tirmanisti Kriz 28 Haziran 1914 te Bosnali Sirp Gavrilo Princip in Avusturya Macaristan tahtinin varisi olan Arsiduk Franz Ferdinand suikast sonucu olumuyle basladi Karmasik bir ittifaklar agi bircok liderin savasin kendi cikarlari dogrultusunda olduguna veya genel bir savasin olmayacagina dair yanlis hesaplamalariyla birlestiginde Agustos 1914 un baslarinda hemen hemen her buyuk Avrupa ulkesi arasinda genel bir dusmanlik patlak vermesine neden oldu Mayis 1915 e kadar neredeyse her buyuk Avrupa ulkesi dahil oldu 9 Agustos 1914 te Kladderadatsch isimli Alman hiciv dergisinde yayinlanan Der Stanker Bas belasi adli siyasi karikatur Avrupa uluslarinin bir masada oturdugunu tasvir ediyor 1 panel Kucuk Sirbistan masaya katilirken Rusya sevincle tepki veriyor Ittifak Devletleri hosnutsuzluk icinde burunlarini tutuyor 2 Sirbistan herkesin gorunurde sok ederek Avusturya Macaristan i bicakladi Almanya Avusturya ya derhal destek teklif ediyor 3 Avusturya Sirbistan dan tazmin talep ederken ceplerinde rahat bir Almanya Rusya ve Fransa nin arka planda uzlastigini fark etmiyor 4 Avusturya Sirbistan i zorlarken alarma gecen Almanya kizgin bir Rusya ya bakiyor ve muhtemelen Osmanli Imparatorlugu ile bir anlasma yapiyor ve Fransa Ingiltere ile konusmaya calisiyor 5 Ingiltere dehset icinde bakarken Almanya ve Fransa nin hemen karsi karsiya gelmesiyle genel bir kavga patlak verir Sagda baska bir savasci muhtemelen Japonya karanliktan katilmakla tehdit ediyor Ayrica bakinizItilaf Devletleri I Dunya Savasi nin nedenleriNotlarKaynakcaKonuyla ilgili yayinlarAlbrecht Carrie Rene A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna 1958 pp 321 34 basic survey 1952 1953 Origins of the War of 1914 3 volumes Ingilizce Londra Oxford University Press OCLC 443476100 1964 The Kaiser and His Times Ingilizce Boston Houghton Mifflin OCLC 1035915119 Beatty Jack The lost history of 1914 Reconsidering the year the Great War began Bloomsbury Publishing USA 2012 excerpt17 Agustos 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Bethmann Hollweg Theobald von 1920 Reflections on the World War Ingilizce Londra Thornton Butterworth Ltd OCLC 39131741 1999 Foundations of World Order The Legalist Approach to International Relations 1898 1922 Ingilizce ABD Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 2364 8 Butler David Allen 2010 The Burden of Guilt How Germany Shattered the Last Days of Peace Summer 1914 Ingilizce Casemate ISBN 978 1935149279 2013 2012 The Sleepwalkers How Europe Went to War in 1914 Ingilizce Penguin Books ISBN 978 0061146657 LCCN 2012515665 1966 The Road to Sarajevo Ingilizce New York Simon amp Schuster OCLC 954608737 1929 The origins of the world war Ingilizce Volume 2 Macmillan 25 Aralik 2019 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 26 Eylul 2020 pp 183 668 highly detailed coverage 1967 Germany s Aims in the First World War Ingilizce New York W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 09798 6 Fromkin David 2004 Europe s Last Summer Why the World Went to War in 1914 Ingilizce Heinemann ISBN 978 0 434 00858 2 1967 July 1914 The Outbreak of the First World War selected Documents The Norton Library Ingilizce New York W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 00722 0 Hamilton Richard F Herwig Holger H 2004 Decisions for War 1914 1917 Ingilizce ISBN 978 0 521 83679 1 Lieven D C B 1997 Russia Accepts a General War Herwig Holger Ed The Outbreak of World War I causes and responsibilities Ingilizce 6 6isbn 978 0 669 41692 3 bas Boston Houghton Mifflin Hewitson Mark 2004 Germany and the Causes of the First World War Ingilizce Berg Oxford ISBN 978 1 85973 870 2 2007 The First World War A Very Short Introduction Ingilizce US Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 920559 2 Kautsky Karl Ed 1924 Outbreak of the World War German Documents Ingilizce Oxford University Press OCLC 1181368 Langer William L Ed 1968 Western Civilization Vol 2 The struggle for Empire to Europe in the Modern World Ingilizce ISBN 978 0060438449 OCLC 1345956 Levy Jack S Preferences constraints and choices in July 1914 International Security 15 3 1990 151 186 MacMillan Margaret 2013 The War That Ended Peace The Road to 1914 Ingilizce Kindle bas Penguin Books ISBN 978 0812994704 McMeekin Sean July 1914 Countdown to War 2014 scholarly account day by day Neilson Keith 1914 The German War European History Quarterly 44 3 2014 395 418 Otte Thomas 2014 July Crisis The World s Descent into War Summer 1914 Ingilizce Cambridge ISBN 978 1 107 06490 4 28 Aralik 2015 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 26 Eylul 2020 1984 The Sarajevo Trial Ingilizce Chapel Hill NC Documentary Publications ISBN 978 0 89712 122 4 Paddock Troy R E A Call to Arms Propaganda Public Opinion and Newspapers in the Great War 2004 online21 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Palmer Alan 1994 Twilight of the Habsburgs the Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph Atlantic Monthly Press Ponting Clive 2002 Thirteen Days The Road to the First World War Ingilizce Chatto amp Windus ISBN 978 0 7011 7293 0 3 Agustos 2020 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 26 Eylul 2020 Powel Meilyr The Welsh press and the July Crisis of 1914 First World War Studies 8 2 3 2017 133 152 online olu kirik baglanti 1973 1914 Delusion or Design Ingilizce Londra Elek ISBN 978 0 236 15466 1 0 Scott Jonathan French Five Weeks The Surge of Public Opinion on the Eve of the Great War 1927 online21 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde 2004 The First World War Ingilizce Viking ISBN 978 0 670 03295 2 Tuchman Barbara 2004 1962 The Guns of August Ingilizce ABD Presidio Press ISBN 978 0 345 47609 8 Wawro Geoffrey A Mad Catastrophe The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire 2014 Tarihyazimi Evans R J W The Greatest Catastrophe the World Has Seen The New York Review of Books Feb 6 2014 online Horne John ed A Companion to World War I 2012 38 topics essays by scholars emphasis on historiography Kramer Alan Recent Historiography of the First World War Part I Journal of Modern European History Feb 2014 12 1 pp 5 27 Recent Historiography of the First World War Part II May 2014 12 2 pp 155 174 Levy Jack S and John A Vasquez eds The Outbreak of the First World War Structure Politics and Decision Making Cambridge UP 2014 Mombauer Annika Guilt or Responsibility The Hundred Year Debate on the Origins of World War I Central European History 48 4 2015 541 564 Mulligan William The Trial Continues New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War English Historical Review 2014 129 538 pp 639 666 Vasquez John A The First World War and International Relations Theory A Review of Books on the 100th Anniversary International Studies Review 16 4 2014 623 644 Williamson Jr Samuel R and Ernest R May An identity of opinion Historians and July 1914 Journal of Modern History 79 2 2007 335 387 online21 Temmuz 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Winter Jay and Antoine Prost eds The Great War in History Debates and Controversies 1914 to the Present 2005 Zagare Frank C The games of July explaining the Great War U of Michigan Press 2011 uses game theory Zametica John Folly and Malice The Habsburg Empire the Balkans and the Start of World War One 2017 excerpt 10 Mart 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde