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Arkeogenetikte, Erken Avrupalı Çiftçileri (EEF), İlk Avrupalı Çiftçiler (FEF), Neolitik Avrupalı Çiftçiler veya Eski Ege Çiftçileri (ANF) terimleri, Neolitik dönemde Avrupa'da yaşamış çiftçilerinden gelen genetik insan soyunun adıdır.
EEF'lerin atalarının MÖ 43.000 civarında Batılı avcı-toplayıcılardan (WHG'ler), MÖ 23.000'li yıllarda ise Kafkas avcı-toplayıcılarından (CHG) ayrıldığına inanılmaktadır. MÖ 7. binyılda, EEF'lerin Anadolu ve Balkanlar'a göç ettiği ve o dönemde bölgede yaşayan WHG'lerin yerlerini aldıkları düşünülmektedir. EEF'lerin Y-DNA haplogrubu genellikle G2A olsa da, kısmen H, T, J, C1a2 ve E1b1 hablogrupları da görülmektedir. Anneden geçen Mitokondriyal DNA'ları ise çeşitlilik göstermektedir. EEF'lerin Balkanlarda Tuna ve Batı Akdeniz boyunca batıya doğru genişleyen iki gruba bölünmüş oldukları bilinmektedir. Bununla beraberi Kuzey Avrupa ve Doğu Avrupa'nın büyük bölümü EEF genetik mirasından etkilenmedi.
Kalkolitik ve erken Tunç Çağı boyunca EEF'lerden türeyen kültürler, Karadeniz-Hazar steplerinde CHG katkılı Doğu Avcı-Toplayıcılar (EHG) ve Batı Step Çiftçilerinin (WSH'ler) istilalarıyla ezildi. Bu istilalar, Avrupa'da EEF Y-DNA'larının neredeyse yok olmasına ve EHG/WSH Y-DNA'larının (esas olarak R1b ve R1a) bölgede yaygınlaşmasına yol açtı. Ancak EEF'lerin mtDNA'ları varlığını devam ettirdi. Bu durum, EHG/WSH erkekleri ve EEF dişilerinin karıştığı göstermektedir. WSH'ler daha sonra Kuzey Avrupa'ya ve Avrasya steplerine dönünce, EEF mitokondriyal DNA'ları Avrasya'nın birçok yerine yayıldı.
Kuzeye doğru gittikçe azalan EEF genetik mirası, Akdeniz ülkelerinde ortalama %60 (Sardinyalılar arasında %85 ile en fazla) ve Baltık Denizi çevresinde %30 civarındadır.
Bibliyografya
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Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
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- (2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (Ed.). Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European. BRILL. ss. 21-54. ISBN . 13 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021.
- González-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R. (19 Haziran 2017). "Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin". Current Biology. . 27 (12): 1801-1810. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.023. (PMC) 5483232 $2. (PMID) 28552360.
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- Nikitin, Alexey G.; Stadler, Peter (20 Aralık 2019). "Interactions between earliest Linearbandkeramik farmers and central European hunter gatherers at the dawn of European Neolithization". Scientific Reports. . 9 (19544): 19544. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56029-2. (PMC) 6925266 $2. (PMID) 31863024.
- Outram, Alan K.; (2019). Subsistence and Society in Prehistory: New Directions in Economic Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316415177. ISBN . 9 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021.
- (2018). Who We are and how We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. Oxford University Press. ISBN . 11 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021.
- (2018). The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108386029. ISBN . 9 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021.
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Arkeogenetikte Erken Avrupali Ciftcileri EEF Ilk Avrupali Ciftciler FEF Neolitik Avrupali Ciftciler veya Eski Ege Ciftcileri ANF terimleri Neolitik donemde Avrupa da yasamis ciftcilerinden gelen genetik insan soyunun adidir EEF lerin atalarinin MO 43 000 civarinda Batili avci toplayicilardan WHG ler MO 23 000 li yillarda ise Kafkas avci toplayicilarindan CHG ayrildigina inanilmaktadir MO 7 binyilda EEF lerin Anadolu ve Balkanlar a goc ettigi ve o donemde bolgede yasayan WHG lerin yerlerini aldiklari dusunulmektedir EEF lerin Y DNA haplogrubu genellikle G2A olsa da kismen H T J C1a2 ve E1b1 hablogruplari da gorulmektedir Anneden gecen Mitokondriyal DNA lari ise cesitlilik gostermektedir EEF lerin Balkanlarda Tuna ve Bati Akdeniz boyunca batiya dogru genisleyen iki gruba bolunmus olduklari bilinmektedir Bununla beraberi Kuzey Avrupa ve Dogu Avrupa nin buyuk bolumu EEF genetik mirasindan etkilenmedi Kalkolitik ve erken Tunc Cagi boyunca EEF lerden tureyen kulturler Karadeniz Hazar steplerinde CHG katkili Dogu Avci Toplayicilar EHG ve Bati Step Ciftcilerinin WSH ler istilalariyla ezildi Bu istilalar Avrupa da EEF Y DNA larinin neredeyse yok olmasina ve EHG WSH Y DNA larinin esas olarak R1b ve R1a bolgede yayginlasmasina yol acti Ancak EEF lerin mtDNA lari varligini devam ettirdi Bu durum EHG WSH erkekleri ve EEF disilerinin karistigi gostermektedir WSH ler daha sonra Kuzey Avrupa ya ve Avrasya steplerine donunce EEF mitokondriyal DNA lari Avrasya nin bircok yerine yayildi Kuzeye dogru gittikce azalan EEF genetik mirasi Akdeniz ulkelerinde ortalama 60 Sardinyalilar arasinda 85 ile en fazla ve Baltik Denizi cevresinde 30 civarindadir BibliyografyaAlt Kurt W Rodriguez Cristina Tejedor 7 Subat 2020 A massacre of early Neolithic farmers in the high Pyrenees at Els Trocs Spain Scientific Reports 10 2131 2131 doi 10 1038 s41598 020 58483 9 PMC 7005801 2 PMID 32034181 Brace Selina Diekmann Yoan 15 Nisan 2019 Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain 3 5 765 771 doi 10 1038 s41559 019 0871 9 PMC 7005801 2 PMID 32034181 Brunel Samantha Bennett E Andrew 9 Haziran 2020 Ancient genomes from present day France unveil 7 000 years of its demographic history Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America National Academy of Sciences 117 23 12791 12798 doi 10 1073 pnas 1918034117 PMC 7293694 2 PMID 32457149 Cassidy Lara M Maolduin Ros o 17 Haziran 2020 A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society Nature 582 7812 384 388 doi 10 1038 s41586 020 2378 6 PMC 7116870 2 PMID 32555485 Fregel Rosa Mendez Fernando L 26 Haziran 2018 Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America National Academy of Sciences 115 26 6774 6779 doi 10 1073 pnas 1800851115 PMC 6042094 2 PMID 29895688 Goldberg Amy Gunther Torsten 7 Mart 2017 Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America National Academy of Sciences 114 10 2657 2662 doi 10 1073 pnas 1616392114 PMC 5347611 2 PMID 28223527 Haak Wolfgang Lazaridis Iosif 2 Mart 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Nature 522 7555 207 211 doi 10 1038 nature14317 PMC 5048219 2 PMID 25731166 Jones Eppie R Gonzalez Fortes Gloria 16 Kasim 2015 Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians Nature Communications 6 8912 8912 doi 10 1038 ncomms9912 PMC 4660371 2 PMID 26567969 Jones Eppie R Zarina Gunita 20 Subat 2017 The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers Current Biology 27 4 576 582 doi 10 1016 j cub 2016 12 060 PMC 5321670 2 PMID 28162894 Juras Anna Chylenski Maciej 2 Agustos 2018 Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations Scientific Reports 8 11603 11603 doi 10 1038 s41598 018 29914 5 PMC 6072757 2 PMID 30072694 Lazaridis Iosif Patterson Nick 17 Eylul 2014 Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present day Europeans Nature 513 7518 409 413 doi 10 1038 nature13673 PMC 4170574 2 PMID 25230663 Lipson Mark Szecsenyi Nagy Anna 8 Kasim 2017 Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers Nature 551 7680 368 372 doi 10 1038 nature24476 PMC 5973800 2 PMID 29144465 Malmstrom Helena Linderholm Anna 19 Ocak 2015 Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process Proceedings of the Royal Society B Royal Society 370 1660 doi 10 1098 rstb 2013 0373 PMC 4275881 2 PMID 25487325 Marcus Joseph H Posth Cosimo 24 Subat 2020 Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia Nature Communications 11 939 939 doi 10 1038 s41467 020 14523 6 PMC 7039977 2 PMID 32094358 Martiniano Rui Cassidy Lara M 27 Temmuz 2017 The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype based methods PLOS Genetics 13 7 e1006852 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1006852 PMC 5531429 2 PMID 28749934 Mathieson Iain Lazaridis Iosif 23 Kasim 2015 Genome wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians Nature 528 7583 499 503 doi 10 1038 nature16152 PMC 4918750 2 PMID 26595274 Mathieson Iain Alpaslan Roodenberg Songul 21 Subat 2018 The genomic history of southeastern Europe Nature 555 7695 197 203 doi 10 1038 nature25778 PMC 6091220 2 PMID 29466330 Olalde Inigo Schroeder Hannes 2 Eylul 2015 A Common Genetic Origin for Early Farmers from Mediterranean Cardial and Central European LBK Cultures PLOS Genetics 32 12 3132 3142 doi 10 1093 molbev msv181 PMC 4652622 2 PMID 26337550 Olalde Inigo Mallick Swapan 15 Mart 2019 The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years Science American Association for the Advancement of Science 363 6432 1230 1234 doi 10 1126 science aav4040 PMC 6436108 2 PMID 30872528 Rivollat Maite Jeong Choongwon 29 Mayis 2020 Ancient genome wide DNA from France highlights the complexity of interactions between Mesolithic hunter gatherers and Neolithic farmers Science American Association for the Advancement of Science 6 22 eaaz5344 doi 10 1126 sciadv aaz5344 PMC 7259947 2 PMID 32523989 Saag Lehti Varul Liivi 24 Temmuz 2017 Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex Biased Migration from the Steppe Current Biology 27 14 2185 2193 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 06 022 PMID 28712569 Sanchez Quinto Federico Malmstrom Helena 7 Mayis 2019 Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America National Academy of Sciences 116 19 9469 9474 doi 10 1073 pnas 1818037116 PMC 6511028 2 PMID 30988179 Konuyla ilgili yayinlar Spring Yaz 2019 Archaeology Genetics and Language in the Steppes A Comment on Bomhard 47 1 2 Erisim tarihi 9 Ocak 2020 2019b Ancient DNA Mating Networks and the Anatolian Split Serangeli Matilde Olander Thomas Ed Dispersals and Diversification Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo European BRILL ss 21 54 ISBN 978 9004416192 13 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 9 Eylul 2021 Gonzalez Fortes Gloria Jones Eppie R 19 Haziran 2017 Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin Current Biology 27 12 1801 1810 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 05 023 PMC 5483232 2 PMID 28552360 Hofmanova Zuzana Kreutzer Susanne 21 Haziran 2016 Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America National Academy of Sciences 113 25 6886 6891 doi 10 1073 pnas 1523951113 PMC 4922144 2 PMID 27274049 Lazaridis Iosif Nadel Daniel 25 Temmuz 2016 Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East Nature 536 7617 419 424 doi 10 1038 nature19310 PMC 5003663 2 PMID 27459054 Lazaridis Iosif December 2018 The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe Elsevier 53 21 27 arXiv 1805 01579 2 doi 10 1016 j gde 2018 06 007 PMID 29960127 15 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 15 Temmuz 2020 Nikitin Alexey G Stadler Peter 20 Aralik 2019 Interactions between earliest Linearbandkeramik farmers and central European hunter gatherers at the dawn of European Neolithization Scientific Reports 9 19544 19544 doi 10 1038 s41598 019 56029 2 PMC 6925266 2 PMID 31863024 Outram Alan K 2019 Subsistence and Society in Prehistory New Directions in Economic Archaeology Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 9781316415177 ISBN 9781107128774 9 Eylul 2021 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 9 Eylul 2021 2018 Who We are and how We Got Here Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 882125 0 11 Agustos 2021 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 9 Eylul 2021 2018 The First Farmers of Europe An Evolutionary Perspective Cambridge World Archaeology Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 9781108386029 ISBN 9781108422925 9 Eylul 2021 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 9 Eylul 2021