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Göksel küreler, Eflâtun, Eudoxus, Aristo, Batlamyus, Kopernik ve diğerleri tarafından geliştirilen kozmolojik modellerin temel unsurlarıydı. Bu kozmolojik modellerde, ve görünen hareketleri, sanki kürelere yerleştirilmiş mücevherler gibi, eterik, şeffaf bir beşinci elementten (esîr) yapılmış dönen kürelere gömülü olarak düşünülmüştür. Sabit yıldızların birbirlerine göre konumlarını değiştirmediğine inanıldığından, bunların tek yıldızlı bir kürenin yüzeyinde olması gerektiği ileri sürülmüştür.
Modern öğretide, gezegenlerin yörüngeleri, çoğunlukla boş olan uzayda, gezegenlerin izledikleri yollar olarak bilinir. Ancak eski ve Orta Çağ düşünürleri, göksel kürelerin her birini, üzerindeki ve aşağısındaki küre ile tam temas halinde olan ve iç içe geçmiş seyreltilmiş maddenin kalın küreleri olduğunu düşünmüştür. Akademisyenler Batlamyus'un epiksiklesini uyguladığında, her gezegensel kürenin onları barındıracak kadar kalın olduğunu varsaydı. Bu iç içe geçmiş küre modelini astronomik gözlemlerle birleştirerek bilginler, Güneş'e (yaklaşık 4 milyon mil), diğer gezegenlere ve evrenin sınırına (yaklaşık 73 milyon mil) kadar olan mesafeler için genel olarak kabul edilen değerleri hesaplayabildiler. İç içe geçmiş küre modelinin öngördüğü Güneş ve diğer gezegenlerin bize olan uzaklığı, modern ölçüm sonuçlarından önemli derecede farklıdır ve evrenin boyutunun artık akıl almaz derecede büyük olduğu ve evrenin sürekli genişlediği bilinmektedir.
Ayrıca bakınız
Kaynakça
Bibliyografya
- Aristotle Metaphysics, in 'The Basic Works of Aristotle' Richard McKeon (Ed) The Modern Library, 2001
- Clagett, Marshall Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages University of Wisconsin Press 1959
- Cohen, I.B. & Whitman, A. Principia University of California Press 1999
- Cohen & Smith (eds) The Cambridge Companion to Newton CUP 2002
- Copernicus, Nicolaus On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, in Great Books of the Western World : 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 1952
- Crowe, Michael J. (1990). Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN .
- Duhem, Pierre. "History of Physics." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 18 Jun. 2008 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12047a.htm 27 Şubat 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .>.
- Duhem, Pierre. Le Système du Monde: Histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic, 10 vols., Paris: Hermann, 1959.
- Duhem, Pierre. Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds, excerpts from Le Système du Monde, translated and edited by Roger Ariew, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987
- Dreyer, John Louis Emil (2007) [1905]. History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler. New York, NY: Cosimo. ISBN .
- Eastwood, Bruce, "Astronomy in Christian Latin Europe c. 500 – c. 1150," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 28(1997): 235–258.
- Eastwood, Bruce, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance, Leiden: Brill, 2007. .
- Eastwood, Bruce and Gerd Graßhoff, Planetary Diagrams for Roman Astronomy in Medieval Europe, ca. 800–1500, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 94, pt. 3, Philadelphia, 2004.
- Field, J. V., Kepler's geometrical cosmology. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988
- Golino, Carlo (ed.)Galileo Reappraised University of California Press 1966
- Grant, Edward, "Celestial Orbs in the Latin Middle Ages," Isis, 78(1987): 153–73; reprinted in Michael H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000.
- Grant, Edward, Planets, Stars, and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200–1687, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994.
- Grant, Edward The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996.
- Grasshoff, Gerd (2012). "Michael Maestlin's Mystery: Theory Building with Diagrams". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 43 (1). ss. 57-73. Bibcode:2012JHA....43...57G. doi:10.1177/002182861204300104.
- Gingerich, Owen The Eye of Heaven, American Institute of Physics 1993
- Hutchins, Robert Maynard; Adler, Mortimer J., (Ed.) (1952). Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. Great Books of the Western World. 16. Chicago, Ill: William Benton.
- Heath, Thomas Aristarchus of Samos Oxford University Press/Sandpiper Books Ltd. 1913/97
- Jarrell, R.A. The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson (eds)1989
- Koyré, Alexandre: Galileo Studies (translator Mepham) Harvester Press 1977
- Koyré, Alexandre (1957). From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe. Forgotten Books. ISBN .
- Kepler, Johannes, (Bks 4 & 5), published in Great Books of the Western World : 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 1952
- Lewis, C. S., The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1964
- Lindberg, David C. (1992). The Beginnings of Western Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
- Lindberg, David C. (ed) Science in the Middle Ages Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1978.
- Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .[]
- , Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought, pp. 133–153, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1968. .
- Lloyd, G. E. R., "Heavenly aberrations: Aristotle the amateur astronomer," pp. 160–183 in his Aristotelian Explorations, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996. .
- Mach, Ernst The Science of Mechanics Open Court 1960.
- Maier, Annaliese, At the Threshold of Exact Science: Selected Writings of Annaliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy, edited by Steven Sargent, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.
- McCluskey, Stephen C., Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998.
- , A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols., New York: Springer, 1975.
- Pederson, Olaf (1993) [1974]. Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Popper, Karl The World of Parmenides Routledge 1996
- Rosen, Edward Three Copernican Treatises Dover 1939/59.
- Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962
- Schofield, C. The Tychonic and Semi-Tychonic World Systems in Taton & Wilson (eds) 1989
- Sorabji, Richard Matter, Space and Motion London: Duckworth, 1988
- Sorabji, Richard (ed) Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science London & Ithaca NY 1987
- Sorabji, Richard The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200–600 AD: Volume 2 Physics Duckworth 2004
- (1946). Translator's Introduction to the Almagest. In Hutchins (1952, pp.1–4).
- R. Taton & C. Wilson (eds.)The General History of Astronomy: Volume 2 Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A Tycho Brahe to Newton Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1989
- Thoren, Victor E., "The Comet of 1577 and Tycho Brahe's System of the World," Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, 29 (1979): 53–67.
- Thoren, Victor E., Tycho Brahe in Taton & Wilson 1989
- Van Helden, Albert (1985). Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
Dış bağlantılar
- Working model and complete explanation of the Eudoxus's Spheres 29 Eylül 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Dennis Duke, Animated Ptolemaic model of the nested spheres 8 Eylül 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Henry Mendell, Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics: Ptolemy, Almagest 31 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- M. Blundevile his exercises, p 282 1 Kasım 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . – Depiction of celestial spheres in a 1613 book
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Goksel kureler Eflatun Eudoxus Aristo Batlamyus Kopernik ve digerleri tarafindan gelistirilen kozmolojik modellerin temel unsurlariydi Bu kozmolojik modellerde ve gorunen hareketleri sanki kurelere yerlestirilmis mucevherler gibi eterik seffaf bir besinci elementten esir yapilmis donen kurelere gomulu olarak dusunulmustur Sabit yildizlarin birbirlerine gore konumlarini degistirmedigine inanildigindan bunlarin tek yildizli bir kurenin yuzeyinde olmasi gerektigi ileri surulmustur Jeosantrik gok kureleri Cosmographia adli calismasi Anvers 1539 Modern ogretide gezegenlerin yorungeleri cogunlukla bos olan uzayda gezegenlerin izledikleri yollar olarak bilinir Ancak eski ve Orta Cag dusunurleri goksel kurelerin her birini uzerindeki ve asagisindaki kure ile tam temas halinde olan ve ic ice gecmis seyreltilmis maddenin kalin kureleri oldugunu dusunmustur Akademisyenler Batlamyus un epiksiklesini uyguladiginda her gezegensel kurenin onlari barindiracak kadar kalin oldugunu varsaydi Bu ic ice gecmis kure modelini astronomik gozlemlerle birlestirerek bilginler Gunes e yaklasik 4 milyon mil diger gezegenlere ve evrenin sinirina yaklasik 73 milyon mil kadar olan mesafeler icin genel olarak kabul edilen degerleri hesaplayabildiler Ic ice gecmis kure modelinin ongordugu Gunes ve diger gezegenlerin bize olan uzakligi modern olcum sonuclarindan onemli derecede farklidir ve evrenin boyutunun artik akil almaz derecede buyuk oldugu ve evrenin surekli genisledigi bilinmektedir Ayrica bakinizGeosantrizm Kurelerin muzigiKaynakca Grant Planets Stars and Orbs p 440 Lindberg Beginnings of Western Science p 251 Van Helden Measuring the Universe pp 28 40 Grant Planets Stars and Orbs pp 437 8 Van Helden Measuring the Universe p 3BibliyografyaAristotle Metaphysics in The Basic Works of Aristotle Richard McKeon Ed The Modern Library 2001 Clagett Marshall Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages University of Wisconsin Press 1959 Cohen I B amp Whitman A Principia University of California Press 1999 Cohen amp Smith eds The Cambridge Companion to Newton CUP 2002 Copernicus Nicolaus On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in Great Books of the Western World 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 1952 Crowe Michael J 1990 Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution Mineola NY Dover Publications Inc ISBN 978 0 486 26173 7 Duhem Pierre History of Physics The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 12 New York Robert Appleton Company 1911 18 Jun 2008 lt http www newadvent org cathen 12047a htm 27 Subat 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde gt Duhem Pierre Le Systeme du Monde Histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon a Copernic 10 vols Paris Hermann 1959 Duhem Pierre Medieval Cosmology Theories of Infinity Place Time Void and the Plurality of Worlds excerpts from Le Systeme du Monde translated and edited by Roger Ariew Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987 0 226 16923 5 Dreyer John Louis Emil 2007 1905 History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler New York NY Cosimo ISBN 978 1 60206 441 6 Eastwood Bruce Astronomy in Christian Latin Europe c 500 c 1150 Journal for the History of Astronomy 28 1997 235 258 Eastwood Bruce Ordering the Heavens Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance Leiden Brill 2007 978 90 04 16186 3 Eastwood Bruce and Gerd Grasshoff Planetary Diagrams for Roman Astronomy in Medieval Europe ca 800 1500 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 94 pt 3 Philadelphia 2004 0 87169 943 5 Field J V Kepler s geometrical cosmology Chicago Chicago University Press 1988 0 226 24823 2 Golino Carlo ed Galileo Reappraised University of California Press 1966 Grant Edward Celestial Orbs in the Latin Middle Ages Isis 78 1987 153 73 reprinted in Michael H Shank ed The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Chicago Univ of Chicago Pr 2000 0 226 74951 7 Grant Edward Planets Stars and Orbs The Medieval Cosmos 1200 1687 Cambridge Cambridge Univ Pr 1994 0 521 56509 X Grant Edward The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages Cambridge Cambridge Univ Pr 1996 0 521 56762 9 Grasshoff Gerd 2012 Michael Maestlin s Mystery Theory Building with Diagrams Journal for the History of Astronomy 43 1 ss 57 73 Bibcode 2012JHA 43 57G doi 10 1177 002182861204300104 Gingerich Owen The Eye of Heaven American Institute of Physics 1993 Hutchins Robert Maynard Adler Mortimer J Ed 1952 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler Great Books of the Western World 16 Chicago Ill William Benton Heath Thomas Aristarchus of Samos Oxford University Press Sandpiper Books Ltd 1913 97 Jarrell R A The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe in Taton amp Wilson eds 1989 Koyre Alexandre Galileo Studies translator Mepham Harvester Press 1977 0 85527 354 2 Koyre Alexandre 1957 From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe Forgotten Books ISBN 978 1 60620 143 5 Kepler Johannes Bks 4 amp 5 published in Great Books of the Western World 16 Ptolemy Copernicus Kepler Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 1952 Lewis C S The Discarded Image An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1964 0 521 09450 X Lindberg David C 1992 The Beginnings of Western Science Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 48231 6 Lindberg David C ed Science in the Middle Ages Chicago Univ of Chicago Pr 1978 0 226 48233 2 Linton Christopher M 2004 From Eudoxus to Einstein A History of Mathematical Astronomy Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82750 8 olu kirik baglanti Aristotle The Growth and Structure of his Thought pp 133 153 Cambridge Cambridge Univ Pr 1968 0 521 09456 9 Lloyd G E R Heavenly aberrations Aristotle the amateur astronomer pp 160 183 in his Aristotelian Explorations Cambridge Cambridge Univ Pr 1996 0 521 55619 8 Mach Ernst The Science of Mechanics Open Court 1960 Maier Annaliese At the Threshold of Exact Science Selected Writings of Annaliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy edited by Steven Sargent Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1982 McCluskey Stephen C Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe Cambridge Cambridge Univ Pr 1998 0 521 77852 2 A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy 3 vols New York Springer 1975 0 387 06995 X Pederson Olaf 1993 1974 Early Physics and Astronomy A Historical Introduction Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 40340 5 Popper Karl The World of Parmenides Routledge 1996 Rosen Edward Three Copernican Treatises Dover 1939 59 Sambursky S The Physical World of Late Antiquity Routledge amp Kegan Paul 1962 Schofield C The Tychonic and Semi Tychonic World Systems in Taton amp Wilson eds 1989 Sorabji Richard Matter Space and Motion London Duckworth 1988 0 7156 2205 6 Sorabji Richard ed Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science London amp Ithaca NY 1987 Sorabji Richard The Philosophy of the Commentators 200 600 AD Volume 2 Physics Duckworth 2004 1946 Translator s Introduction to the Almagest In Hutchins 1952 pp 1 4 R Taton amp C Wilson eds The General History of Astronomy Volume 2 Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A Tycho Brahe to Newton Cambridge Cambridge Univ Pr 1989 Thoren Victor E The Comet of 1577 and Tycho Brahe s System of the World Archives Internationales d Histoire des Sciences 29 1979 53 67 Thoren Victor E Tycho Brahe in Taton amp Wilson 1989 Van Helden Albert 1985 Measuring the Universe Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley Chicago and London University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 84882 2 Dis baglantilarWorking model and complete explanation of the Eudoxus s Spheres 29 Eylul 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Dennis Duke Animated Ptolemaic model of the nested spheres 8 Eylul 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Henry Mendell Vignettes of Ancient Mathematics Ptolemy Almagest 31 Mayis 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde M Blundevile his exercises p 282 1 Kasim 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Depiction of celestial spheres in a 1613 book