Şaporal ( SHAP-ə-RAL-,_-CHAP), öncelikle ABD'nin Kaliforniya eyaletinde, güney Oregon'da ve Meksika'daki Baja California Yarımadası'nın kuzey kesiminde bulunan bir çalılık bitki topluluğu ve coğrafi özelliktir. Akdeniz iklimi (ılıman yağışlı kışlar ve sıcak kuru yazlar) ve seyrek, yüksek yoğunluklu taç yangınları ile şekillenir. Şaporal, şaporal biyomu içinde genellikle daha kuru, güneye bakan yamaçlarda bulunan yumuşak yapraklı, kuraklığa bağlı, yaprak döken, kıyı adaçayı çalılık topluluğunun aksine, sert sklerofilli yaprak dökmeyen yapraklara sahip yaz kuraklığına dayanıklı bitkiler içerir. Orta Arizona, batı Teksas ve orta Meksika'nın dağ zincirlerinin (mexical) doğu tarafı boyunca, diğer şaporal oluşumlarının Akdeniz ikliminin aksine yaz yağmurlarına sahip, yakından ilişkili diğer üç şaporal çalılık sistemi meydana gelir. Şaporal, Kaliforniya'nın yabani bitki örtüsünün %9'unu oluşturur ve bitki türlerinin %20'sini içerir. Adı İspanyolca chaparro kelimesinden gelir ve "bodur meşenin yeri" anlamına gelir.
Kaynakça
- ^ "chaparral". Unabridged. Random House.
- ^ Parker, V. T. (2016). Mooney, H.; Zavaleta, E. (Ed.). "Chaparral". Ecosystems of California. Oakland, CA: University of California Press: 479-507.
Bibliyografi
- Haidinger, T.L., and J.E. Keeley. 1993. Role of high fire frequency in destruction of mixed chaparral. Madrono 40: 141–147.
- Halsey, R.W. 2008. Fire, Chaparral, and Survival in Southern California. Second Edition. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. 232 p.
- Hanes, T. L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol. Monographs 41: 27–52.
- Hubbard, R.F. 1986. Stand age and growth dynamics in chamise chaparral. Master's thesis, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
- Keeley, J. E., C. J. Fotheringham, and M. Morais. 1999. Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes. Science 284:1829–1832.
- Keeley, J.E. 1995. Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats to the California flora. Madrono 42: 175–179.
- Keeley, J.E., A. H. Pfaff, and H.D. Stafford. 2005. Fire suppression impacts on postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14: 255–265.
- Larigauderie, A., T.W. Hubbard, and J. Kummerow. 1990. Growth dynamics of two chaparral shrub species with time after fire. Madrono 37: 225–236.
- Minnich, R. A. 1983. Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science 219:1287–1294.
- Moritz, M.A., J.E. Keeley, E.A. Johnson, and A.A. Schaffner. 2004. Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: How important is fuel age? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:67–72.
- Pratt, R. B., A. L. Jacobsen, A. R. Ramirez, A. M. Helms, C. A. Traugh, M. F. Tobin, M. S. Heffner, and S. D. Davis. 2013. Mortality of resprouting chaparral shrubs after a fire and during a record drought: physiological mechanisms and demographic consequences. Global Change Biology 20:893–907.
- Syphard, A. D., V. C. Radeloff, J. E. Keeley, T. J. Hawbaker, M. K. Clayton, S. I. Stewart, and R. B. Hammer. 2007. Human influence on California fire regimes. Ecological Applications 17:1388–1402.
- Vale, T. R. 2002. Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA.
- Venturas, M. D., E. D. MacKinnon, H. L. Dario, A. L. Jacobsen, R. B. Pratt, and S. D. Davis. 2016. Chaparral shrub hydraulic traits, size, and life history types relate to species mortality during California's historic drought of 2014. PLoS ONE 11(7): p.e0159145.
- Zedler, P. H. 1995. Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options, pp. 101–112 in J.E. Keeley and T. Scott (eds.), Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, Wash.
- Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2006. ISBN . 2 Kasım 2014 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 12 Şubat 2023.
Dış bağlantılar
- California Chaparral Enstitüsü web sitesi 12 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
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Saporal ˌ ʃ ae p e ˈ r ae l ˌ tʃ ae p SHAP e RAL CHAP oncelikle ABD nin Kaliforniya eyaletinde guney Oregon da ve Meksika daki Baja California Yarimadasi nin kuzey kesiminde bulunan bir calilik bitki toplulugu ve cografi ozelliktir Akdeniz iklimi iliman yagisli kislar ve sicak kuru yazlar ve seyrek yuksek yogunluklu tac yanginlari ile sekillenir Saporal saporal biyomu icinde genellikle daha kuru guneye bakan yamaclarda bulunan yumusak yaprakli kurakliga bagli yaprak doken kiyi adacayi calilik toplulugunun aksine sert sklerofilli yaprak dokmeyen yapraklara sahip yaz kurakligina dayanikli bitkiler icerir Orta Arizona bati Teksas ve orta Meksika nin dag zincirlerinin mexical dogu tarafi boyunca diger saporal olusumlarinin Akdeniz ikliminin aksine yaz yagmurlarina sahip yakindan iliskili diger uc saporal calilik sistemi meydana gelir Saporal Kaliforniya nin yabani bitki ortusunun 9 unu olusturur ve bitki turlerinin 20 sini icerir Adi Ispanyolca chaparro kelimesinden gelir ve bodur mesenin yeri anlamina gelir Santa Barbara California yakinlarindaki ndaki SaporalKaynakca chaparral Unabridged Random House Arsivlenmesi gereken baglantiya sahip kaynak sablonu iceren maddeler link Parker V T 2016 Mooney H Zavaleta E Ed Chaparral Ecosystems of California Oakland CA University of California Press 479 507 BibliyografiHaidinger T L and J E Keeley 1993 Role of high fire frequency in destruction of mixed chaparral Madrono 40 141 147 Halsey R W 2008 Fire Chaparral and Survival in Southern California Second Edition Sunbelt Publications San Diego CA 232 p Hanes T L 1971 Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California Ecol Monographs 41 27 52 Hubbard R F 1986 Stand age and growth dynamics in chamise chaparral Master s thesis San Diego State University San Diego California Keeley J E C J Fotheringham and M Morais 1999 Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes Science 284 1829 1832 Keeley J E 1995 Future of California floristics and systematics wildfire threats to the California flora Madrono 42 175 179 Keeley J E A H Pfaff and H D Stafford 2005 Fire suppression impacts on postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands International Journal of Wildland Fire 14 255 265 Larigauderie A T W Hubbard and J Kummerow 1990 Growth dynamics of two chaparral shrub species with time after fire Madrono 37 225 236 Minnich R A 1983 Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California Science 219 1287 1294 Moritz M A J E Keeley E A Johnson and A A Schaffner 2004 Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management How important is fuel age Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2 67 72 Pratt R B A L Jacobsen A R Ramirez A M Helms C A Traugh M F Tobin M S Heffner and S D Davis 2013 Mortality of resprouting chaparral shrubs after a fire and during a record drought physiological mechanisms and demographic consequences Global Change Biology 20 893 907 Syphard A D V C Radeloff J E Keeley T J Hawbaker M K Clayton S I Stewart and R B Hammer 2007 Human influence on California fire regimes Ecological Applications 17 1388 1402 Vale T R 2002 Fire Native Peoples and the Natural Landscape Island Press Washington DC USA Venturas M D E D MacKinnon H L Dario A L Jacobsen R B Pratt and S D Davis 2016 Chaparral shrub hydraulic traits size and life history types relate to species mortality during California s historic drought of 2014 PLoS ONE 11 7 p e0159145 Zedler P H 1995 Fire frequency in southern California shrublands biological effects and management options pp 101 112 in J E Keeley and T Scott eds Brushfires in California wildlands ecology and resource management International Association of Wildland Fire Fairfield Wash Biology Exploring Life Boston Massachusetts Pearson Prentice Hall 2006 ISBN 0 13 250882 6 2 Kasim 2014 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 12 Subat 2023 Dis baglantilarCalifornia Chaparral Enstitusu web sitesi 12 Subat 2023 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde