Medine Anayasası (Arapça: دستور المدينة, Dustūr al-Madīna), Medine Sözleşmesi olarak da bilinir (Sahifet el-Medine ; veya: Arapça: ميثاق المدينة, "Medine Misakı"), Günümüzde MS 622-624'te yazıldığına inanılan bir belgeye verilen isimdir.
Ancak, bu belgenin hiçbir orijinal kopyasına ulaşılamaz ve kaynaklarda MS 800'lerin başlarına kadar böyle bir belgenin varlığından söz edilmez. Elde bulunan metin İbn-i Hişam' metninin redaksiyonu ile elde edilmiş metindir.
Belgeyle ilgili geleneksel İslami anlatıya göre İslam peygamberi Muhammed'in Mekke'den Medine'ye gitmesinden sonra MS 622 veya 623 te yazılımıştır.
Önsöz, belgenin Kureyş kabilesinden olan "müminler" ile Yesribli Müslümanlar ve onların emrinde olabilecek ve onlarla birlikte savaş açabilecek kişiler arasında işlemesi için Muhammed'in bir kitabı olduğunu, onların bütün diğer insanlardan ayrı bir topluluk "ümmet-i vahide" oluşturduklarını ilan eder.
Belge üyelerinin eylemleri için kan parası ve fidye ödemesinde, dokuz kurucu kabilenin kolektif sorumluluğunu belirledi.
Bahsedilen ilk kurucu grup Kureyş göçmenleridir, bunu diğer Müslümanlardan dinsel olarak ayrılan sekiz Yahudi kabilesi takip eder. Banu Şutaybe kabilesi, daha önce bahsedilen dokuz kabileye Yahudi gruplarından biri olarak eklenmiştir.
Anayasa ayrıca Muhammed'i gruplar arasında arabulucu otorite olarak kurmuş ve yetkisi olmadan savaş açılmasını yasaklamıştır.
Belgenin çok dinli bir İslam devletinin anayasal temelini verdiği düşünülmektedir.
Sözleşmenin, Medine'deEvs ve Hazrec kabileleri arasındaki süregiden çatışmaları sona erdirmek ve tüm Medineli gruplar arasında barışı ve işbirliğini sürdürmek için oluşturulduğuna inanılır.
Muhammed'in Medine'deki gruplar arasında otoritesini vurgulamak metnin temel bir özelliğiydi.
Belge, "inananları takip eden" tüm yerleşikler için dini inanç ve ibadet özgürlüğü sağlar.
Müslim veya gayrimüslim tüm tarafların temsilcilerinin istişarelerde veya yabancı devletlerle müzakerelerde hazır bulunmalarını garanti eder.
"Bir kadın ancak ailesinin rızasıyla bir ev sahibi tarafından ağırlanabilir"di.
Çatışma zamanlarında toplumu desteklemek için bir vergi sistemi getiriliyordu.
Medine'nin (حرم), yani anlaşmaya dahil olan halkların hiçbir kanının dökülemeyeceği kutsal yer rolünü ilan etmişti.
Metne sonradan numaralandırma eklenir. Ancak, İbn Hişam'ın siyerinde bulunan tüzüğün en çok okunan versiyonunun gerçekliği konusunda genel bir fikir birliği vardır.
Tarihsel değeri
(Ayrıca bkn. İslam: Anlatılmayan Hikaye, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It )
Medine Anayasası'nın hiçbir orijinal nüshası bulunmuyor. Onun varlığını yalnızca erken dönem Müslüman kaynaklarında yer alan alıntılardan biliyoruz; bunlardan en erkeni, İbn İshak'ın 700'lerin ortalarında yazıldığı iddia edilen kayıp "Sirat Resulullah"ta bulunan materyali yeniden yayınladığını iddia eden İbn Hişam'ın (MS 800'lerin başı) " " adlı eseridir. Daha sonraki Seyyid el-Nas ve Ebu Ubeyd'in Kitab al-Amwal'ı gibi Müslüman yazıları da Medine Anayasası'ndan malzemeyi koruduğunu iddia ediyor.
Birçok Müslüman ve Batılı İslam alimi, belgenin varlığına inansa da, günümüze ulaşmayan belgenin tarihselliği, revizyonist akademisyenler tarafından doğruluğundan emin olamayız diyerek sorgulanmıştır.
Montgomery Watt, Kureyş' ve Muhammed'i ön plana çıkarmaması sebebiyle metnin erken Medine döneminde (yani MS 622'de veya kısa bir süre sonra) yazılmış olması gerektiğini öne sürdü.. Hubert Grimme 624 CE Bedir Savaşı'ndan sonra, Leone Caetani gibi diğerleri ise bu savaştan önce yazıldığını öne sürdü.
RB Serjeant, 20. yüzyılın ortalarında Kuran'ın 3:101-104'ünün Medine Anayasası'na atıfta bulunuyor olabileceğini öne sürdü. Ona göre ayetler başta bir konfederasyonun kurulmasını onaylıyor, ikincisinde, Evs ve Hazrec'i antlaşmalarına uymaları konusunda uyarıyor, devam eden ayetlerde ise Muhammed'in taraftarlarını,Mekkeli güçlerle yüzleşmeye (Uhud) teşvik ediyordu.
Arka plan
Geleneksel İslam inancına göre, Muhammed'in Mekke'deki son yıllarında, Medine'deki on iki önemli kabileden bir delegasyon, onu tüm topluluk için baş hakem olarak hizmet etmesi amacıyla tarafsız bir yabancı olarak davet ederler. Medine' yerleşikleri arasında 620'den önceki 100 yıl boyunca, süregiden savaşlar olmuştur. Tüm klanların dahil olduğu sonra ortaya çıkan iddialar üzerinde tekrarlanan katliamlar ve anlaşmazlıklar, kabilelerin kan davası ve göze göz kavramlarının artık uygulanabilir olmadığını, tartışmalı davalarda karar verme yetkisine sahip tarafsız bir adam olması gerektiğini onlara açıkça göstermişti. Bu sebeple Medine'den gelen heyet, kendisi ve hemşerilerini toplumlarına kabul etmeye ve O'nu kendilerinden biri gibi fiziksel olarak korumaya söz verirler.
Muhammed, Medine'ye göç ettikten sonra, sekiz yerli kabile ve Mekke'den gelen göçmenler arasında "bir tür ittifak veya federasyon" kuran ve Medine'deki farklı toplulukların, Müslüman cemaatin diğer topluluklar olan Yahudilere ve " Kitap Ehli "ne karşı ilişkilerini, hak ve sorumluluklarını da belirleyen bir anayasa taslağı hazırlamıştı.
İbn Sa'd el-Bağdadi gibi tarihçilere göre, o zaman Medine nüfusunun bileşimi, sekiz klan yanında başlıca Evs ve Hazrec'dan oluşan iki Arap kabilesinden ve geri kalan daha küçük 33' topluluktan oluşuyordu.
Yahudi kabileleri ise en az 20 gruptan oluşuyordu; Kaynuka, Nadir ve Kureyza bunların en bilinenleridir.
Orjinal metin
Aşağıdakiler, Muhammed Hamidullah tarafından (MS 800'lerin başlarında İbn Hişam tarafından yazılan ve İbn İshak'ın Siret'i, Ebu Ubeyd'in Kitab-al-Amwal'ı, ve İbn Kesir'in al-Bidayah-wan-Nihaya'sini referans gösteren İbn Hişam'ın metninin ingilizce çevirisidir.
İbn Hişam'ın nüshasında İbn İshak' ve Ebu Ubeyd'e atfedilen iki versiyonunun karşılaştırmalı bir çevirisi, aradaki farkları vurgulayan Michael Lecker tarafından da yayınlandı.
A Translation of the Constitution of the City-State of Madina in the Time of the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم)
[I have tried to make the translation very clear so as not to require any marginal notes for its understanding. The clauses have been numbered, to facilitate easy reference. Since this numbering has been agreed upon and is the same in Germany, Holland, Italy and other places, so whenever I have had to differ I have indicated my difference by subdividing the clause into (a), (b), etc., so as not to interfere with the international numbering.]
In the name of God, the Beneficent and the Merciful
(1) This is a prescript of Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم), the Prophet and Messenger of God (to operate) between the faithful and the followers of Islam from among the Quraish and the people of Madina and those who may be under them, may join them and take part in wars in their company.
(2) They shall constitute a separate political unit (Ummat) as distinguished from all the people (of the world).
(3) The emigrants from the Quraish shall be (responsible) for their own ward; and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and shall secure the release of their own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves, so that the mutual dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(4) And Banu ‘Awf shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration, and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(5) And Banu Al-Harith-ibn-Khazraj shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(6) And Banu Sa‘ida shall be responsible for their own ward, and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(7) And Banu Jusham shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(8) And Banu an-Najjar shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(9) And Banu ‘Amr-ibn-‘Awf shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(10) And Banu-al-Nabit shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(11) And Banu-al-Aws shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood-money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom, so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice.
(12) (a) And the believers shall not leave any one, hard-pressed with debts, without affording him some relief, in order that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice. (b) Also no believer shall enter into a contract of clientage with one who is already in such a contract with another believer.
(13) And the hands of pious believers shall be raised against every such person as rises in rebellion or attempts to acquire anything by force or is guilty of any sin or excess or attempts to spread mischief among the believers ; their hands shall be raised all together against such a person, even if he be a son to any one of them.
(14) A Believer will not kill a Believer [in retaliation] for a non-Believer and will not aid a non-Believer against a Believer.
(15) The protection (dhimmah) of Allah is one, the least of them [i.e., the Believers] is entitled to grant protection (yujīr) that is binding for all of them. The Believers are each other’s allies (mawālī) to the exclusion of other people.
(16) And that those who will obey us among the Jews, will have help and equality. Neither shall they be oppressed nor will any help be given against them.
(17) And the peace of the believers shall be one. If there be any war in the way of God, no believer shall be under any peace (with the enemy) apart from other believers, unless it (this peace) be the same and equally binding on all.
(18) And all those detachments that will fight on our side will be relieved by turns.
(19) And the believers as a body shall take blood vengeance in the way of God.
(20) (a) And undoubtedly pious believers are the best and in the rightest course. (b) And that no associator (non-Muslim subject) shall give any protection to the life and property of a Quraishite, nor shall he come in the way of any believer in this matter.
(21) And if any one intentionally murders a believer, and it is proved, he shall be killed in retaliation, unless the heir of the murdered person be satisfied with blood-money. And all believers shall actually stand for this ordinance and nothing else shall be proper for them to do.
(22) And it shall not be lawful for any one, who has agreed to carry out the provisions laid down in this code and has affixed his faith in God and the Day of Judgment, to give help or protection to any murderer, and if he gives any help or protection to such a person, God‟s curse and wrath shall be on him on the Day of Resurrection, and no money or compensation shall be accepted from such a person.
(23) And that whenever you differ about anything, refer it to God and to Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم)
(24) And the Jews shall share with the believers the expenses of war so long as they fight in conjunction,
(25) And the Jews of Banu ‘Awf shall be considered as one community (Ummat) along with the believers—for the Jews their religion, and for the Muslims theirs, be one client or patron. But whoever does wrong or commits treachery brings evil only on himself and his household.
(26) And the Jews of Banu-an-Najjar shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
(27) And the Jews of Banu-al-Harith shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
(28) And the Jews of Banu Sa‘ida shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf
(29) And the Jews of Banu Jusham shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
(30) And the Jews of Banu al-Aws shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf.
(31) And the Jews of Banu Tha‘laba shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf. But whoever does wrong or commits treachery brings evil only on himself and his household.
(32) And Jafna, who are a branch of the Tha’laba tribe, shall have the same rights as the mother tribes.
(33) And Banu-ash-Shutaiba shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu ‘Awf; and they shall be faithful to, and not violators of, treaty.
(34) And the mawlas (clients) of Tha'laba shall have the same rights as those of the original members of it.
(35) And the sub-branches of the Jewish tribes shall have the same rights as the mother tribes.
(36) (a) And that none of them shall go out to fight as a soldier of the Muslim army, without the per-mission of Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم). (b) And no obstruction shall be placed in the way of any one‟s retaliation for beating or injuries; and whoever sheds blood brings it upon himself and his household, except he who has been wronged, and Allah demands the most righteous fulfillment of this [treaty].
(37) (a) And the Jews shall bear the burden of their expenses and the Muslims theirs.
(b) And if any one fights against the people of this code, their (i.e., of the Jews and Muslims) mutual help shall come into operation, and there shall be friendly counsel and sincere behaviour between them; and faithfulness and no breach of covenant.
(38) And the Jews shall be bearing their own expenses so long as they shall be fighting in conjunction with the believers.
(39) And the Valley of Yathrib (Madina) shall be a Haram (sacred place) for the people of this code.
(40) The clients (mawla) shall have the same treatment as the original persons (i.e., persons accepting clientage). He shall neither be harmed nor shall he himself break the covenant.
(41) And no refuge shall be given to any one without the permission of the people of the place (i.e., the refugee shall have no right of giving refuge to others).
(42) And that if any murder or quarrel takes place among the people of this code, from which any trouble may be feared, it shall be referred to God and God‟s Messenger, Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم); and God will be with him who will be most particular about what is written in this code and act on it most faithfully.
(43) The Quraish shall be given no protection nor shall they who help them.
(44) And they (i.e., Jews and Muslims) shall have each other‟s help in the event of any one invading Yathrib.
(45) (a) And if they (i.e., the Jews) are invited to any peace, they also shall offer peace and shall be a party to it; and if they invite the believers to some such affairs, it shall be their (Muslims) duty as well to reciprocate the dealings, excepting that any one makes a religious war. (b) On every group shall rest the responsibility of (repulsing) the enemy from the place which faces its part of the city.
(46) And the Jews of the tribe of al-Aws, clients as well as original members, shall have the same rights as the people of this code: and shall behave sincerely and faithfully towards the latter, not perpetrating any breach of covenant. As one shall sow so shall he reap. And God is with him who will most sincerely and faithfully carry out the provisions of this code.
(47) And this prescript shall not be of any avail to any oppressor or breaker of covenant. And one shall have security whether one goes out to a campaign or remains in Madina, or else it will be an oppression and breach of covenant. And God is the Protector of him who performs the obligations with faithfulness and care, as also His Messenger Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم).
Kureyş
Muhammed'in Kureyş kabilesi, belgede hem toplumun temel bir unsuru hem de düşman olarak görünmektedir. Kureyşliler bazen "göçmen" veya "inananlar" olarak Muhammed'in takipçileridir, ancak diğer zamanlarda kelime, Muhammed'i ve takipçilerini Kureyş'in başkenti Mekke'den kovmuş olan kabile üyelerini ifade eder.
Bernard Lewis, tüzüğün modern anlamda bir antlaşma olmadığını, Muhammed'in tek taraflı bir bildirisi olduğunu iddia ediyor. Daha ilginci ise Yahudi kabilelerinin ümmete dahil edilmesiydi.
L. Ali Han, bunun herhangi bir kurgusal doğa durumundan veya Rawlsçı cehalet perdesinin arkasından değil, bir antlaşmadan türetilen bir toplumsal sözleşme olduğunu söylüyor. Tek bir Tanrı'nın egemenliği altında yaşayan çeşitli kabilelerden oluşan tek bir topluluk kavramı üzerine inşa edilmiştir.
Aynı zamanda, tek bir halk olarak yaşayan ancak tek bir dine, dile veya kültüre asimile olmadan çeşitli gruplar arasında barışçıl anlaşmazlık çözme yöntemlerini de başlattı. Welch, Encyclopedia of Islam'da şöyle diyor: "Anayasa, Muhammed'in büyük diplomatik becerilerini ortaya koyuyor, çünkü onun değer verdiği bir ümmet (topluluk) idealinin, açıkça dini bir görüşe dayalı olarak arka plana düşmesine izin veriyor ve esasen pratik tarafından şekillendiriliyor. düşünceler."
Tom Holland şöyle yazıyor: "Medine Anayasası'nın en şüpheci alimler tarafından bile Muhammed'in zamanından kaynaklandığı kabul edilmektedir. Burada, bu değerli belgelerde, ancak yirmi yılda hem Roma hem de Pers İmparatorluklarını secde etmeyi başaracak bir hareketin özgün başlangıçlarına bir göz atmak mümkündür."
Ümmetin Önemi
Medine Anayasası'nın bir diğer önemli özelliği de Müslümanlar arasındaki bağların yeniden tanımlanmasıdır. İnanç ilişkilerini kan bağlarının üzerinde tutar ve bireysel sorumluluğu vurgular. Kabile kimlikleri, farklı gruplara atıfta bulunmak için hala önemliydi, ancak yeni oluşturulan ümmet için "ana bağlayıcı bağ" dindir.
Bu, tamamen kabile toplumu olan İslam öncesi Arabistan'ın normlarıyla çelişiyordu, ancak Serjeant daha önceki teokratik toplulukların varlığını varsayıyor.
Denny'ye göre, "Watt, belgede anlatıldığı gibi ümmeti bir kabileye benzetmiştir, ancak önemli bir farkla, bunun akrabalığa değil dine dayalı olmasıydı".
Bu, Medine'deki küçük Müslüman grubunun daha geniş Müslüman topluluğa ve imparatorluğa dönüşmesinde önemli bir olaydır.
Gayrimüslimlerin Hakları
Gayrimüslimler, Müslümanları "takip etmek" şartıyla aşağıdaki haklara sahiptiler:
- Allah'ın emniyeti bütün gruplar için eşittir.
- Gayrimüslim üyeler, Müslümanlarla aynı siyasi ve kültürel haklara sahiptir. Özerklik ve din özgürlüğüne sahiptirler.
- Gayrimüslimler, millet düşmanına karşı silaha sarılır ve savaşın bedelini paylaşırlar. İkisi arasında ihanet olmamalı.
- Gayrimüslimler, Müslümanların din savaşlarına katılmak zorunda değildirler.
Ayrıca bakınız
- El-Risalah el-Hukuk
- Muhammed'in Aştiname'si
- İslam ve laiklik
- Muhammed'in seferlerinin listesi
- Marakeş Deklarasyonu
- Muhammed Medine'de
- ümmet
Kaynakça
- ^ . Oxford Bibliographies. 26 Ağustos 2014. 25 Ağustos 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 16 Aralık 2019.
- ^ Watt (1956) argues that the initial agreement was shortly after the Hijra and the document was amended later, after the Battle of Badr (AH [anno hijra] 2, = AD 624). Serjeant argues that the charter is in fact 8 different treaties, which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina, with the first treaty being written shortly after Muhammad's arrival (R. B. Serjeant. "The Sunnah Jâmi'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrîm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so called 'Constitution of Medina'." in The Life of Muhammad: The Formation of the Classical Islamic World: Volume iv. Ed. Uri Rubin. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998, p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41, 1978: 18 ff). See also Caetani (1905) and Wellhausen (1889) who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra. Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad’s residence in Medina, before the battle of Badr in 2/624. Wellhausen bases this judgement on three considerations; Muhammad is very diffident about his own position, he accepts the pagan tribes within the Umma, and he maintains the Jewish clans as clients of the Ansars: see Wellhausen, Excursus, p. 158. Even Moshe Gil, a skeptic of Islamic history, argues that it was written within 5 months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina. Moshe Gil (1974). "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration". Israel Oriental Studies. 4: 45.
- ^ Serjeant 1978.
- ^ Firestone 1999.
- ^ a b c d Watt 1956.
- ^ a b c d e Serjeant 1964.
- ^ a b The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. s. 19. ISBN . Yazar
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() - ^ . The Atlantic. 1 Ocak 1999. 25 Ağustos 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.
- ^ 050C4381A72D79D2B8F3F|başlık=Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition|erişimtarihi=29 Ocak 2020|yazarlar=Conrad|tarih=June 1987|sayı=2|sayfa=239|çalışma=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|cilt=50|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00049016}}
- ^ Hoyland, Robert G., Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam), The Darwin Press, pp. 548-549
- ^ Cook 1983.
- ^ John Burton, Those are the High-flying Cranes, Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol 15 No. 2, pp. 265
- ^ Tarif Khalidi, Arab Historical Thought in The Classical Period, Cambridge University Press, pp. 48
- ^ a b c Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 39
- ^ Esposito 1998.
- ^ Mat Saad Abd. Rahman 1995.
- ^ J. Suyuthi Pulungan 1993.
- ^ Seerah of Ibn Ishaq
- ^ Abu Ubaid's Kitab-al-Amwal 25 Şubat 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (p. 517)
- ^ "Seerah of Ibn Hisham" (PDF). 9 Şubat 2022 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 21 Temmuz 2022.
- ^ Ibn Kathir's al-Bidayah-wan-Nihaya (Vol. 3, pp. 224 —26)
- ^ a b The "Constitution of Medina" : Muḥammad's First Legal Document. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin. 2004. Yazar
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() - ^ The First Written Constitution of the World. 1941. ss. 31-42. Yazar
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() - ^ The Arabs in History, s. 42 Yazar
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(). - ^ The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800, Cambridge University Press, s. 64 Yazar
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() - ^ Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2006. ISBN . Yazar
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() - ^ Holland 2012.
- ^ Themes of Islamic Civilization, s. 12 Yazar
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(). - ^ a b "Umma in the Constitution of Medina", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 36 (1), The University of Chicago Press, Jan 1977, s. 44 Yazar
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(). - ^ Ahmad (1979).
- ^ Article 15, as quoted in Ahmad (1979)
- ^ Article 25, as quoted in Ahmad (1979)
- ^ Article 37, as quoted in Ahmad (1979)
- ^ Article 45, as quoted in Ahmad (1979)
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Medine Anayasasi Arapca دستور المدينة Dustur al Madina Medine Sozlesmesi olarak da bilinir Sahifet el Medine veya Arapca ميثاق المدينة Medine Misaki Gunumuzde MS 622 624 te yazildigina inanilan bir belgeye verilen isimdir Ancak bu belgenin hicbir orijinal kopyasina ulasilamaz ve kaynaklarda MS 800 lerin baslarina kadar boyle bir belgenin varligindan soz edilmez Elde bulunan metin Ibn i Hisam metninin redaksiyonu ile elde edilmis metindir Belgeyle ilgili geleneksel Islami anlatiya gore Islam peygamberi Muhammed in Mekke den Medine ye gitmesinden sonra MS 622 veya 623 te yazilimistir Onsoz belgenin Kureys kabilesinden olan muminler ile Yesribli Muslumanlar ve onlarin emrinde olabilecek ve onlarla birlikte savas acabilecek kisiler arasinda islemesi icin Muhammed in bir kitabi oldugunu onlarin butun diger insanlardan ayri bir topluluk ummet i vahide olusturduklarini ilan eder Belge uyelerinin eylemleri icin kan parasi ve fidye odemesinde dokuz kurucu kabilenin kolektif sorumlulugunu belirledi Bahsedilen ilk kurucu grup Kureys gocmenleridir bunu diger Muslumanlardan dinsel olarak ayrilan sekiz Yahudi kabilesi takip eder Banu Sutaybe kabilesi daha once bahsedilen dokuz kabileye Yahudi gruplarindan biri olarak eklenmistir Anayasa ayrica Muhammed i gruplar arasinda arabulucu otorite olarak kurmus ve yetkisi olmadan savas acilmasini yasaklamistir Belgenin cok dinli bir Islam devletinin anayasal temelini verdigi dusunulmektedir Sozlesmenin Medine deEvs ve Hazrec kabileleri arasindaki suregiden catismalari sona erdirmek ve tum Medineli gruplar arasinda barisi ve isbirligini surdurmek icin olusturulduguna inanilir Muhammed in Medine deki gruplar arasinda otoritesini vurgulamak metnin temel bir ozelligiydi Belge inananlari takip eden tum yerlesikler icin dini inanc ve ibadet ozgurlugu saglar Muslim veya gayrimuslim tum taraflarin temsilcilerinin istisarelerde veya yabanci devletlerle muzakerelerde hazir bulunmalarini garanti eder Bir kadin ancak ailesinin rizasiyla bir ev sahibi tarafindan agirlanabilir di Catisma zamanlarinda toplumu desteklemek icin bir vergi sistemi getiriliyordu Medine nin حرم yani anlasmaya dahil olan halklarin hicbir kaninin dokulemeyecegi kutsal yer rolunu ilan etmisti Metne sonradan numaralandirma eklenir Ancak Ibn Hisam in siyerinde bulunan tuzugun en cok okunan versiyonunun gercekligi konusunda genel bir fikir birligi vardir Tarihsel degeri Ayrica bkn Islam Anlatilmayan Hikaye Seeing Islam as Others Saw It Sana a da bulunan el yazmalari UV isigi kullanilarak ortaya konan alt metinler gunumuz Kuran indan cok farklidir Gerd R Puin bunun gelisen bir metin anlamina geldigine inaniyordu Benzer bir tabir Lawrence Conrad tarafindan Muhammed in biyografisi icin kullanilir Cunku onun arastirmalarina gore Muhammed in dogum tarihi ile ilgili Islam ilmi gorusu H 2 asra kadar 85 yillik bir cesitlilik arz etmistir Medine Anayasasi nin hicbir orijinal nushasi bulunmuyor Onun varligini yalnizca erken donem Musluman kaynaklarinda yer alan alintilardan biliyoruz bunlardan en erkeni Ibn Ishak in 700 lerin ortalarinda yazildigi iddia edilen kayip Sirat Resulullah ta bulunan materyali yeniden yayinladigini iddia eden Ibn Hisam in MS 800 lerin basi adli eseridir Daha sonraki Seyyid el Nas ve Ebu Ubeyd in Kitab al Amwal i gibi Musluman yazilari da Medine Anayasasi ndan malzemeyi korudugunu iddia ediyor Bircok Musluman ve Batili Islam alimi belgenin varligina inansa da gunumuze ulasmayan belgenin tarihselligi revizyonist akademisyenler tarafindan dogrulugundan emin olamayiz diyerek sorgulanmistir Montgomery Watt Kureys ve Muhammed i on plana cikarmamasi sebebiyle metnin erken Medine doneminde yani MS 622 de veya kisa bir sure sonra yazilmis olmasi gerektigini one surdu Hubert Grimme 624 CE Bedir Savasi ndan sonra Leone Caetani gibi digerleri ise bu savastan once yazildigini one surdu RB Serjeant 20 yuzyilin ortalarinda Kuran in 3 101 104 unun Medine Anayasasi na atifta bulunuyor olabilecegini one surdu Ona gore ayetler basta bir konfederasyonun kurulmasini onayliyor ikincisinde Evs ve Hazrec i antlasmalarina uymalari konusunda uyariyor devam eden ayetlerde ise Muhammed in taraftarlarini Mekkeli guclerle yuzlesmeye Uhud tesvik ediyordu Arka planGeleneksel Islam inancina gore Muhammed in Mekke deki son yillarinda Medine deki on iki onemli kabileden bir delegasyon onu tum topluluk icin bas hakem olarak hizmet etmesi amaciyla tarafsiz bir yabanci olarak davet ederler Medine yerlesikleri arasinda 620 den onceki 100 yil boyunca suregiden savaslar olmustur Tum klanlarin dahil oldugu sonra ortaya cikan iddialar uzerinde tekrarlanan katliamlar ve anlasmazliklar kabilelerin kan davasi ve goze goz kavramlarinin artik uygulanabilir olmadigini tartismali davalarda karar verme yetkisine sahip tarafsiz bir adam olmasi gerektigini onlara acikca gostermisti Bu sebeple Medine den gelen heyet kendisi ve hemserilerini toplumlarina kabul etmeye ve O nu kendilerinden biri gibi fiziksel olarak korumaya soz verirler Muhammed Medine ye goc ettikten sonra sekiz yerli kabile ve Mekke den gelen gocmenler arasinda bir tur ittifak veya federasyon kuran ve Medine deki farkli topluluklarin Musluman cemaatin diger topluluklar olan Yahudilere ve Kitap Ehli ne karsi iliskilerini hak ve sorumluluklarini da belirleyen bir anayasa taslagi hazirlamisti Ibn Sa d el Bagdadi gibi tarihcilere gore o zaman Medine nufusunun bilesimi sekiz klan yaninda baslica Evs ve Hazrec dan olusan iki Arap kabilesinden ve geri kalan daha kucuk 33 topluluktan olusuyordu Yahudi kabileleri ise en az 20 gruptan olusuyordu Kaynuka Nadir ve Kureyza bunlarin en bilinenleridir Orjinal metinAsagidakiler Muhammed Hamidullah tarafindan MS 800 lerin baslarinda Ibn Hisam tarafindan yazilan ve Ibn Ishak in Siret i Ebu Ubeyd in Kitab al Amwal i ve Ibn Kesir in al Bidayah wan Nihaya sini referans gosteren Ibn Hisam in metninin ingilizce cevirisidir Ibn Hisam in nushasinda Ibn Ishak ve Ebu Ubeyd e atfedilen iki versiyonunun karsilastirmali bir cevirisi aradaki farklari vurgulayan Michael Lecker tarafindan da yayinlandi A Translation of the Constitution of the City State of Madina in the Time of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم I have tried to make the translation very clear so as not to require any marginal notes for its understanding The clauses have been numbered to facilitate easy reference Since this numbering has been agreed upon and is the same in Germany Holland Italy and other places so whenever I have had to differ I have indicated my difference by subdividing the clause into a b etc so as not to interfere with the international numbering In the name of God the Beneficent and the Merciful 1 This is a prescript of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم the Prophet and Messenger of God to operate between the faithful and the followers of Islam from among the Quraish and the people of Madina and those who may be under them may join them and take part in wars in their company 2 They shall constitute a separate political unit Ummat as distinguished from all the people of the world 3 The emigrants from the Quraish shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and shall secure the release of their own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves so that the mutual dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 4 And Banu Awf shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 5 And Banu Al Harith ibn Khazraj shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 6 And Banu Sa ida shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom from themselves so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 7 And Banu Jusham shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 8 And Banu an Najjar shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 9 And Banu Amr ibn Awf shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 10 And Banu al Nabit shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 11 And Banu al Aws shall be responsible for their own ward and shall pay their blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of its own prisoners by paying their ransom so that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice 12 a And the believers shall not leave any one hard pressed with debts without affording him some relief in order that the dealings between the believers be in accordance with the principles of goodness and justice b Also no believer shall enter into a contract of clientage with one who is already in such a contract with another believer 13 And the hands of pious believers shall be raised against every such person as rises in rebellion or attempts to acquire anything by force or is guilty of any sin or excess or attempts to spread mischief among the believers their hands shall be raised all together against such a person even if he be a son to any one of them 14 A Believer will not kill a Believer in retaliation for a non Believer and will not aid a non Believer against a Believer 15 The protection dhimmah of Allah is one the least of them i e the Believers is entitled to grant protection yujir that is binding for all of them The Believers are each other s allies mawali to the exclusion of other people 16 And that those who will obey us among the Jews will have help and equality Neither shall they be oppressed nor will any help be given against them 17 And the peace of the believers shall be one If there be any war in the way of God no believer shall be under any peace with the enemy apart from other believers unless it this peace be the same and equally binding on all 18 And all those detachments that will fight on our side will be relieved by turns 19 And the believers as a body shall take blood vengeance in the way of God 20 a And undoubtedly pious believers are the best and in the rightest course b And that no associator non Muslim subject shall give any protection to the life and property of a Quraishite nor shall he come in the way of any believer in this matter 21 And if any one intentionally murders a believer and it is proved he shall be killed in retaliation unless the heir of the murdered person be satisfied with blood money And all believers shall actually stand for this ordinance and nothing else shall be proper for them to do 22 And it shall not be lawful for any one who has agreed to carry out the provisions laid down in this code and has affixed his faith in God and the Day of Judgment to give help or protection to any murderer and if he gives any help or protection to such a person God s curse and wrath shall be on him on the Day of Resurrection and no money or compensation shall be accepted from such a person 23 And that whenever you differ about anything refer it to God and to Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم 24 And the Jews shall share with the believers the expenses of war so long as they fight in conjunction 25 And the Jews of Banu Awf shall be considered as one community Ummat along with the believers for the Jews their religion and for the Muslims theirs be one client or patron But whoever does wrong or commits treachery brings evil only on himself and his household 26 And the Jews of Banu an Najjar shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf 27 And the Jews of Banu al Harith shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf 28 And the Jews of Banu Sa ida shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf 29 And the Jews of Banu Jusham shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf 30 And the Jews of Banu al Aws shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf 31 And the Jews of Banu Tha laba shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf But whoever does wrong or commits treachery brings evil only on himself and his household 32 And Jafna who are a branch of the Tha laba tribe shall have the same rights as the mother tribes 33 And Banu ash Shutaiba shall have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf and they shall be faithful to and not violators of treaty 34 And the mawlas clients of Tha laba shall have the same rights as those of the original members of it 35 And the sub branches of the Jewish tribes shall have the same rights as the mother tribes 36 a And that none of them shall go out to fight as a soldier of the Muslim army without the per mission of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم b And no obstruction shall be placed in the way of any one s retaliation for beating or injuries and whoever sheds blood brings it upon himself and his household except he who has been wronged and Allah demands the most righteous fulfillment of this treaty 37 a And the Jews shall bear the burden of their expenses and the Muslims theirs b And if any one fights against the people of this code their i e of the Jews and Muslims mutual help shall come into operation and there shall be friendly counsel and sincere behaviour between them and faithfulness and no breach of covenant 38 And the Jews shall be bearing their own expenses so long as they shall be fighting in conjunction with the believers 39 And the Valley of Yathrib Madina shall be a Haram sacred place for the people of this code 40 The clients mawla shall have the same treatment as the original persons i e persons accepting clientage He shall neither be harmed nor shall he himself break the covenant 41 And no refuge shall be given to any one without the permission of the people of the place i e the refugee shall have no right of giving refuge to others 42 And that if any murder or quarrel takes place among the people of this code from which any trouble may be feared it shall be referred to God and God s Messenger Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم and God will be with him who will be most particular about what is written in this code and act on it most faithfully 43 The Quraish shall be given no protection nor shall they who help them 44 And they i e Jews and Muslims shall have each other s help in the event of any one invading Yathrib 45 a And if they i e the Jews are invited to any peace they also shall offer peace and shall be a party to it and if they invite the believers to some such affairs it shall be their Muslims duty as well to reciprocate the dealings excepting that any one makes a religious war b On every group shall rest the responsibility of repulsing the enemy from the place which faces its part of the city 46 And the Jews of the tribe of al Aws clients as well as original members shall have the same rights as the people of this code and shall behave sincerely and faithfully towards the latter not perpetrating any breach of covenant As one shall sow so shall he reap And God is with him who will most sincerely and faithfully carry out the provisions of this code 47 And this prescript shall not be of any avail to any oppressor or breaker of covenant And one shall have security whether one goes out to a campaign or remains in Madina or else it will be an oppression and breach of covenant And God is the Protector of him who performs the obligations with faithfulness and care as also His Messenger Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم KureysMuhammed in Kureys kabilesi belgede hem toplumun temel bir unsuru hem de dusman olarak gorunmektedir Kureysliler bazen gocmen veya inananlar olarak Muhammed in takipcileridir ancak diger zamanlarda kelime Muhammed i ve takipcilerini Kureys in baskenti Mekke den kovmus olan kabile uyelerini ifade eder Bernard Lewis tuzugun modern anlamda bir antlasma olmadigini Muhammed in tek tarafli bir bildirisi oldugunu iddia ediyor Daha ilginci ise Yahudi kabilelerinin ummete dahil edilmesiydi L Ali Han bunun herhangi bir kurgusal doga durumundan veya Rawlsci cehalet perdesinin arkasindan degil bir antlasmadan turetilen bir toplumsal sozlesme oldugunu soyluyor Tek bir Tanri nin egemenligi altinda yasayan cesitli kabilelerden olusan tek bir topluluk kavrami uzerine insa edilmistir Ayni zamanda tek bir halk olarak yasayan ancak tek bir dine dile veya kulture asimile olmadan cesitli gruplar arasinda bariscil anlasmazlik cozme yontemlerini de baslatti Welch Encyclopedia of Islam da soyle diyor Anayasa Muhammed in buyuk diplomatik becerilerini ortaya koyuyor cunku onun deger verdigi bir ummet topluluk idealinin acikca dini bir goruse dayali olarak arka plana dusmesine izin veriyor ve esasen pratik tarafindan sekillendiriliyor dusunceler Tom Holland soyle yaziyor Medine Anayasasi nin en supheci alimler tarafindan bile Muhammed in zamanindan kaynaklandigi kabul edilmektedir Burada bu degerli belgelerde ancak yirmi yilda hem Roma hem de Pers Imparatorluklarini secde etmeyi basaracak bir hareketin ozgun baslangiclarina bir goz atmak mumkundur Ummetin Onemi Medine Anayasasi nin bir diger onemli ozelligi de Muslumanlar arasindaki baglarin yeniden tanimlanmasidir Inanc iliskilerini kan baglarinin uzerinde tutar ve bireysel sorumlulugu vurgular Kabile kimlikleri farkli gruplara atifta bulunmak icin hala onemliydi ancak yeni olusturulan ummet icin ana baglayici bag dindir Bu tamamen kabile toplumu olan Islam oncesi Arabistan in normlariyla celisiyordu ancak Serjeant daha onceki teokratik topluluklarin varligini varsayiyor Denny ye gore Watt belgede anlatildigi gibi ummeti bir kabileye benzetmistir ancak onemli bir farkla bunun akrabaliga degil dine dayali olmasiydi Bu Medine deki kucuk Musluman grubunun daha genis Musluman topluluga ve imparatorluga donusmesinde onemli bir olaydir Gayrimuslimlerin Haklari Gayrimuslimler Muslumanlari takip etmek sartiyla asagidaki haklara sahiptiler Allah in emniyeti butun gruplar icin esittir Gayrimuslim uyeler Muslumanlarla ayni siyasi ve kulturel haklara sahiptir Ozerklik ve din ozgurlugune sahiptirler Gayrimuslimler millet dusmanina karsi silaha sarilir ve savasin bedelini paylasirlar Ikisi arasinda ihanet olmamali Gayrimuslimler Muslumanlarin din savaslarina katilmak zorunda degildirler Ayrica bakinizEl Risalah el Hukuk Muhammed in Astiname si Islam ve laiklik Muhammed in seferlerinin listesi Marakes Deklarasyonu Muhammed Medine de ummetKaynakca Oxford Bibliographies 26 Agustos 2014 25 Agustos 2014 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 16 Aralik 2019 Watt 1956 argues that the initial agreement was shortly after the Hijra and the document was amended later after the Battle of Badr AH anno hijra 2 AD 624 Serjeant argues that the charter is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina with the first treaty being written shortly after Muhammad s arrival R B Serjeant The Sunnah Jami ah Pacts with the Yathrib Jews and the Tahrim of Yathrib Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so called Constitution of Medina in The Life of Muhammad The Formation of the Classical Islamic World Volume iv Ed Uri Rubin Brookfield Ashgate 1998 p 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 1978 18 ff See also Caetani 1905 and Wellhausen 1889 who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad s residence in Medina before the battle of Badr in 2 624 Wellhausen bases this judgement on three considerations Muhammad is very diffident about his own position he accepts the pagan tribes within the Umma and he maintains the Jewish clans as clients of the Ansars see Wellhausen Excursus p 158 Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within 5 months of Muhammad s arrival in Medina Moshe Gil 1974 The Constitution of Medina A Reconsideration Israel Oriental Studies 4 45 Serjeant 1978 Firestone 1999 a b c d Watt 1956 a b c d e Serjeant 1964 a b The Islamic Law of War Justifications and Regulations Palgrave Macmillan 2011 s 19 ISBN 9780230111608 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim The Atlantic 1 Ocak 1999 25 Agustos 2012 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi 050C4381A72D79D2B8F3F baslik Abraha and Muhammad Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition erisimtarihi 29 Ocak 2020 yazarlar Conrad tarih June 1987 sayi 2 sayfa 239 calisma Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies cilt 50 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00049016 Hoyland Robert G Seeing Islam as Others Saw It A Survey and Evaluation of Christian Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam The Darwin Press pp 548 549 Cook 1983 John Burton Those are the High flying Cranes Journal of Semitic Studies Vol 15 No 2 pp 265 Tarif Khalidi Arab Historical Thought in The Classical Period Cambridge University Press pp 48 a b c Watt The Cambridge History of Islam p 39 Esposito 1998 Mat Saad Abd Rahman 1995 J Suyuthi Pulungan 1993 Seerah of Ibn Ishaq Abu Ubaid s Kitab al Amwal 25 Subat 2021 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde p 517 Seerah of Ibn Hisham PDF 9 Subat 2022 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 21 Temmuz 2022 Ibn Kathir s al Bidayah wan Nihaya Vol 3 pp 224 26 a b The Constitution of Medina Muḥammad s First Legal Document Princeton N J Darwin 2004 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim The First Written Constitution of the World 1941 ss 31 42 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim The Arabs in History s 42 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East 600 1800 Cambridge University Press s 64 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim Understanding Islamic Law From Classical to Contemporary Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers 2006 ISBN 978 0 7591 0990 2 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim Holland 2012 Themes of Islamic Civilization s 12 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim a b Umma in the Constitution of Medina Journal of Near Eastern Studies 36 1 The University of Chicago Press Jan 1977 s 44 Yazar ad1 eksik soyadi1 yardim Ahmad 1979 Article 15 as quoted in Ahmad 1979 Article 25 as quoted in Ahmad 1979 Article 37 as quoted in Ahmad 1979 Article 45 as quoted in Ahmad 1979