Altıncı kolera salgını 1899 1923 Hindistan da başlayan 800 000 den fazla insanı öldüren ve Orta Doğu Kuzey Afri

Altıncı kolera salgını (1899-1923), Hindistan'da başlayan, 800.000'den fazla insanı öldüren ve Orta Doğu, Kuzey Afrika, Doğu Avrupa ve Rusya'ya yayılan büyük bir kolera salgınıydı.

Kolera getiren Ölümün çizimi, *Le Petit Journal'da* (1912).

Tarih

Leonard Rogers'a göre, Haridwar Kumbh Mela'da bir kolera salgınının ardından salgın, Pencap, Afganistan, İran ve güney Rusya üzerinden Avrupa'ya yayıldı.

1902'den 1910'a kadar kolera salgınının ilerlemesini gösteren Fransız haritası (1911'de yayınlandı).

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki son kolera salgını 1910-1911'de Moltke vapurunun Napoli'den New York'a enfekte insanları getirdiği zaman görüldü. Dikkatli sağlık yetkilileri, 19. yüzyılda karantina tesisi olarak inşa edilen Swinburne Adası'nda enfekte hastaları izole etti. Ada hastanesinde bir sağlık çalışanı da dahil olmak üzere 11 kişi öldü.

1913'te Romanya Ordusu, İkinci Balkan Savaşı sırasında Bulgaristan'ı işgal ederken, 1.600 kişinin ölümüne neden olan bir kolera salgını yaşadı.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

^ "Cholera's seven pandemics". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 Aralık 2008. 30 Mart 2018 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 3 Ocak 2019. At the turn of the century, the sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India before moving into the Middle East, northern Africa, Russia and parts of Europe. By 1923, cholera had receded from most of the world, although many cases were still present in India.
^ (PDF). INFLIBNET. 22 Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2015.
^ Rogers, L. (1926). The Conditions Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Cholera in India 15 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 19(Sect Epidemiol State Med), 59–93.
^ The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. . 1911. 9 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021. In New York, up to July 22, there were eleven deaths from cholera, one of the victims being an employee at the hospital on , who had been discharged. The tenth was a lad, seventeen years of age, who had been a steerage passenger on the steamship, Moltke. The plan has been adopted of taking cultures from the intestinal tracts of all persons held under observation at Quarantine, and in this way it was discovered that five of the 500 passengers of the Moltke and Perugia, although in excellent health at the time, were harboring cholera microbes.
^ "Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms" (PDF). New York Times. 18 Temmuz 1911. 25 Şubat 2021 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 28 Temmuz 2008. The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from Naples of the steamship Moltke, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at . The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old.
^ "More Cholera in Port". Washington Post. 10 Ekim 1910. 16 Aralık 2008 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 11 Aralık 2008. A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner Moltke, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at .
^ Leașu (2015). "A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War - 1913". Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica. 13 (1): 159-170. (PMID) 26203545.
^ (Rumence). . 25 Mayıs 2020. 13 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.
^ Serviciul Sanitar al Armatei Române în perioada 1914-1919 (PDF) (Tez) (Rumence). Kişinev: . 2012. ss. 1-196. 4 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021.

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN . 9 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021.
Azizi (January 2010). "History of Cholera Outbreaks in Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries". Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2 (1): 51-55. ISSN 2008-5230. (PMC) 4154910 $2. (PMID) 25197514.

[1] "Cholera's seven pandemics". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 Aralık 2008. 30 Mart 2018 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 3 Ocak 2019. At the turn of the century, the sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India before moving into the Middle East, northern Africa, Russia and parts of Europe. By 1923, cholera had receded from most of the world, although many cases were still present in India.

[RD_time_trends-2] (PDF). INFLIBNET. 22 Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2015.

[3] Rogers, L. (1926). The Conditions Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Cholera in India 15 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 19(Sect Epidemiol State Med), 59–93.

[4] The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. . 1911. 9 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021. In New York, up to July 22, there were eleven deaths from cholera, one of the victims being an employee at the hospital on , who had been discharged. The tenth was a lad, seventeen years of age, who had been a steerage passenger on the steamship, Moltke. The plan has been adopted of taking cultures from the intestinal tracts of all persons held under observation at Quarantine, and in this way it was discovered that five of the 500 passengers of the Moltke and Perugia, although in excellent health at the time, were harboring cholera microbes.

[moltke1-5] "Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms" (PDF). New York Times. 18 Temmuz 1911. 25 Şubat 2021 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 28 Temmuz 2008. The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from Naples of the steamship Moltke, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at . The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old.

[moltke2-6] "More Cholera in Port". Washington Post. 10 Ekim 1910. 16 Aralık 2008 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 11 Aralık 2008. A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner Moltke, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at .

[7] Leașu (2015). "A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War - 1913". Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica. 13 (1): 159-170. (PMID) 26203545.

[8] (Rumence). . 25 Mayıs 2020. 13 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi.

[9] Serviciul Sanitar al Armatei Române în perioada 1914-1919 (PDF) (Tez) (Rumence). Kişinev: . 2012. ss. 1-196. 4 Ağustos 2021 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2021.