Haplogrup Q-M242 veya kısaca Haplogrup Q insanlarda görülen bir Y-DNA haplogrubu türü.
Haplogrup Q
| |
Çıkış tarihi | 17.000 - 22.000 yıl önce(başka bir kaynağa göre ise 31.400 yıl önce) |
Çıkış yeri | Orta Asya,Sibirya |
Köken | |
Varyasyonlar | Q-P36.2 (P36.2) |
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Mutasyonları | M242 |
En yüksek frekansları | Ketler 93.8%,Türkmenler 73%,Selkuplar 66.4%.,Altaylar 63.6%.,Tuvalar 62.5%.,Çalkandular 60.0%.,Tubalar 41%,Sibirya Tatarları 38%,Amerikan yerlilerinin neredeyse tamamı |
Kökenleri
Haplogrup Q-M242, P-M45 haplogrubunun iki alt kolundan birisidir.Haplogroup Q-M242 haplogrubunun yaklaşık 17.000-22.000 yıl önce Kuzey Asya'da doğduğuna inanılır. (başka bir kaynağa göre ise günümüzden 31.400 yıl önce)
Dağılımı
Haplogroup Q-M242 dünya üstünde en çok yayılım gösteren haplogruplardan birisidir. Amerika'da, Kuzey Afrika'da, Doğu Asya'da, Güney Asya'da, Batı Asya'da ve Avrupa'da rastlanılmaktadır.
Amerika
Q-M242 haplogrubuna Amerika yerlilerinde sıkça rastlanılmaktadır. Bunların Bering Boğazı aracılığıyla Sibirya'dan Amerika'ya göç eden gruplar olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bazı yerli gruplarının ise Bering Boğazı'ndan geçenler değil de daha sonradan kayıklar aracığıyla Amerika'ya göç edenler olduğu sanılmaktadır. Q-M242 haplogrubunun Amerika'da 4000 yıllık bir geçmişi olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Asya
Q-M242 haplogrubu Asya'da ortaya çıktığından burada geniş alanlara yayılmıştır. Q-M242 haplogrubunun Altaylarda,Hindistan'da,Tibet'te,Pakistan'da,Çin'de,Vietnam'da,Moğolistan'da,Tuvalarda, ve Uygurlarda var olduğu bilinmektedir. Afganistan'da yapılan bir araştırmada 49 denekten 9'unda (%18) Q-M242 haplogrubuna rastlanılmıştır. Haplogrup en yaygın Ket toplumlarında görülmektedir.
Avrupa
Norveç ve İsveç'te Q-M242 haplogrubunun dağılımı %3'tür. Slovak erkeklerinin yaklaşık %3 ve Sicilyalılar'ın %2.54'ünde Q-M242 haplogrubuna rastlanılmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- ^ Fagundes, Nelson J. R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C. S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva, Wilson A.; Zago, Marco A.; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, Andrea K.; Santos, Sidney E. B.; Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2008). (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3). ss. 583-592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. (PMC) 2427228 $2. (PMID) 18313026. 25 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından (pdf) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Kasım 2009.
Since the first studies, it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five "mtDNA haplogroups" (A–D and X)6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a.7 Haplogroups A–D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia, supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages
- ^ a b Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1). ss. 164-75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. (PMID) 14595095. 6 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015. Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>
etiketi: "Zegura" adı farklı içerikte birden fazla tanımlanmış (Bkz: ) - ^ a b YFull-Experimental YTree v3.12
- ^ . 1 Mayıs 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015.
- ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>
etiketi;Sharma07
isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: ) - ^ . Wendy Tymchuk - Senior Technical Editor. Genebase Systems. 2008. 21 Ocak 2011 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2009.
Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present
- ^ a b T. M. Karafet, 'High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life', Human Biology, December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789
- ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 30 Mart 2019 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 22 Aralık 2018.
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- ^ ZHANG Yong-Ke, CHEN Zheng, FAN An, et al. (2009), "Genetic relationships between Tuva population and the neighboring populations in the Altai Region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region." HEREDITAS (Beijing) 2009 August, 31(8): 818―824. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2009.00818
- ^ "Пять генофондов пяти субэтносов сибирских татар". 30 Mart 2019 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 19 Mart 2019.
- ^ Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5). ss. 830-8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. (PMC) 2336805 $2. (PMID) 18385274.
- ^ a b "The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008". 22 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015.
- ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>
etiketi;Gayden2007
isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: ) - ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>
etiketi;BoWen2004
isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: ) - ^ Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark T.; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li (2000). "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas". Human Genetics. 107 (6). ss. 582-90. doi:10.1007/s004390000406. (PMID) 11153912.
- ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>
etiketi;Karafet2010
isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: ) - ^ a b Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1). ss. 47-58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. (PMID) 16328082.
- ^ Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’Bina P.; Protod’Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark (2006). "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". Human Genetics. 120 (3). ss. 334-353. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. (PMID) 16845541.
- ^ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, ve diğerleri. (2012). . PLoS ONE. 7 (3). s. e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. (PMC) 3314501 $2. (PMID) 22470552. 22 Aralık 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ekim 2015.
Dış bağlantılar
- , from , National Geographic
- The India Genealogical DNA Project 8 Haziran 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- British Isles DNA Project 24 Ekim 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
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Haplogrup Q M242 veya kisaca Haplogrup Q insanlarda gorulen bir Y DNA haplogrubu turu Haplogrup QCikis tarihi 17 000 22 000 yil once baska bir kaynaga gore ise 31 400 yil once Cikis yeri Orta Asya SibiryaKokenVaryasyonlar Q P36 2 P36 2 Mutasyonlari M242En yuksek frekanslari Ketler 93 8 Turkmenler 73 Selkuplar 66 4 Altaylar 63 6 Tuvalar 62 5 Calkandular 60 0 Tubalar 41 Sibirya Tatarlari 38 Amerikan yerlilerinin neredeyse tamamiKokenleriHaplogrup Q M242 P M45 haplogrubunun iki alt kolundan birisidir Haplogroup Q M242 haplogrubunun yaklasik 17 000 22 000 yil once Kuzey Asya da dogduguna inanilir baska bir kaynaga gore ise gunumuzden 31 400 yil once DagilimiHaplogroup Q M242 dunya ustunde en cok yayilim gosteren haplogruplardan birisidir Amerika da Kuzey Afrika da Dogu Asya da Guney Asya da Bati Asya da ve Avrupa da rastlanilmaktadir Amerika Q M242 haplogrubuna Amerika yerlilerinde sikca rastlanilmaktadir Bunlarin Bering Bogazi araciligiyla Sibirya dan Amerika ya goc eden gruplar oldugu dusunulmektedir Bazi yerli gruplarinin ise Bering Bogazi ndan gecenler degil de daha sonradan kayiklar aracigiyla Amerika ya goc edenler oldugu sanilmaktadir Q M242 haplogrubunun Amerika da 4000 yillik bir gecmisi oldugu dusunulmektedir Asya Q M242 haplogrubu Asya da ortaya ciktigindan burada genis alanlara yayilmistir Q M242 haplogrubunun Altaylarda Hindistan da Tibet te Pakistan da Cin de Vietnam da Mogolistan da Tuvalarda ve Uygurlarda var oldugu bilinmektedir Afganistan da yapilan bir arastirmada 49 denekten 9 unda 18 Q M242 haplogrubuna rastlanilmistir Haplogrup en yaygin Ket toplumlarinda gorulmektedir Avrupa Norvec ve Isvec te Q M242 haplogrubunun dagilimi 3 tur Slovak erkeklerinin yaklasik 3 ve Sicilyalilar in 2 54 unde Q M242 haplogrubuna rastlanilmaktadir Kaynakca Fagundes Nelson J R Kanitz Ricardo Eckert Roberta Valls Ana C S Bogo Mauricio R Salzano Francisco M Smith David Glenn Silva Wilson A Zago Marco A Ribeiro Dos Santos Andrea K Santos Sidney E B Petzl Erler Maria Luiza Bonatto Sandro L 2008 PDF American Journal of Human Genetics 82 3 ss 583 592 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2007 11 013 PMC 2427228 2 PMID 18313026 25 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynagindan pdf arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 19 Kasim 2009 Since the first studies it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five mtDNA haplogroups A D and X 6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2 B2 C1 D1 and X2a 7 Haplogroups A D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages a b Zegura S L Karafet TM Zhivotovsky LA Hammer MF 2003 High Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas PDF Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 1 ss 164 75 doi 10 1093 molbev msh009 PMID 14595095 6 Eylul 2008 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 15 Ekim 2015 Kaynak hatasi Gecersiz lt ref gt etiketi Zegura adi farkli icerikte birden fazla tanimlanmis Bkz Kaynak gosterme a b YFull Experimental YTree v3 12 1 Mayis 2011 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 15 Ekim 2015 Kaynak hatasi Gecersiz lt ref gt etiketi Sharma07 isimli refler icin metin saglanmadi Bkz Kaynak gosterme Wendy Tymchuk Senior Technical Editor Genebase Systems 2008 21 Ocak 2011 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 21 Kasim 2009 Haplogroup Q possibly the youngest of the 20 Y chromosome haplogroups originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15 000 to 20 000 years before present a b T M Karafet High Levels of Y Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter Gatherer Way of Life Human Biology December 2002 v 74 no 6 pp 761 789 Arsivlenmis kopya 30 Mart 2019 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 22 Aralik 2018 a b c d Kharkov V N Stepanov V A Medvedeva O F Spiridonova M G Voevoda M I Tadinova V N Puzyrev V P 2007 Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y Chromosomal Haplogroups Genetika 43 5 ss 675 687 ZHANG Yong Ke CHEN Zheng FAN An et al 2009 Genetic relationships between Tuva population and the neighboring populations in the Altai Region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region HEREDITAS Beijing 2009 August 31 8 818 824 ISSN 0253 9772 DOI 10 3724 SP J 1005 2009 00818 Pyat genofondov pyati subetnosov sibirskih tatar 30 Mart 2019 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 19 Mart 2019 Karafet T M Mendez F L Meilerman M B Underhill P A Zegura S L Hammer M F 2008 New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Research 18 5 ss 830 8 doi 10 1101 gr 7172008 PMC 2336805 2 PMID 18385274 a b The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008 22 Eylul 2008 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 15 Ekim 2015 Kaynak hatasi Gecersiz lt ref gt etiketi Gayden2007 isimli refler icin metin saglanmadi Bkz Kaynak gosterme Kaynak hatasi Gecersiz lt 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