Ekonomik eşitsizlik bir gruptaki bireylerin, bir popülasyonu oluşturan grupların ya da ülkelerin arasındaki ekonomik refah seviyesinde farklılıklar bulunması durumunu tanımlar. Ekonomik eşitsizlik ifadesi gelir eşitsizliği, servet eşitsizliği ya da zenginlik boşluğu olarak da ifade edilebilir. Ekonomistler genellikle ekonomik eşitsizliğe üç kriteri ölçü alarak yaklaşır: servet, gelir ve tüketim. Ekonomik eşitsizlik sorunu eşitlik, eşitlik çıktısı ve eşitlik fırsatı kavramları ile ilişkilidir.
![image](https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/image/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lraXBlZGlhLnRyLXRyLm5pbmEuYXovaW1hZ2UvYUhSMGNITTZMeTkxY0d4dllXUXVkMmxyYVcxbFpHbGhMbTl5Wnk5M2FXdHBjR1ZrYVdFdlkyOXRiVzl1Y3k5MGFIVnRZaTlsTDJVNEwwZHBibWxmUTI5bFptWnBZMmxsYm5SZlYyOXliR1JmUTBsQlgxSmxjRzl5ZEM1emRtY3ZNekF3Y0hndFIybHVhVjlEYjJWbVptbGphV1Z1ZEY5WGIzSnNaRjlEU1VGZlVtVndiM0owTG5OMlp5NXdibWM9LnBuZw==.png)
Ekonomik eşitsizlik; toplumlar, tarihsel dönemler, ekonomik yapılar ve ekonomik sistemler arasında değişiklikler gösterir. Bu eşitsizlik, gelirin ya da servetin herhangi bir periyottaki yatay seyri ve gelir ya da servetin uzun süreler içerisindeki değişimi anlamını taşır. Ekonomik eşitsizliği ölçmek için birçok sayısal endeks mevcut olup en yaygın olarak kullanılan ise Gini katsayısı'dır.
Bazı çalışmalar, ekonomik eşitsizliğin toplumsal bir sorun olduğunu ortaya koymuştur Örneğin, Yüksek değerdeki eşitsizlik yıkıcı olabilir, çünkü bu eşitsizlik uzun vadeli büyümeye engel olacaktır. Yüksek değerdeki gelir eşitliği de aynı şekilde yıkıcıdır, çünkü verimliliği azaltır, risk alma ve servet edinme isteğini köreltir.
Eşitsizliğin deneysel (amprik) ölçümü
Ekonomistler, ekonomik dağılımı ölçerken genellikle üç metriği dikkate alır: servet, gelir ve tüketim. Profesyonel bir uzmanın öğrencilik döneminde düşük serveti ve düşük geliri olabilir ve kariyer sürecinde düşük servet ve yüksek gelir, kariyer sonrasında ise yüksek servet ve düşük geliri olur. İnsanların tercihleri kazançlarını hemen tüketmeyi ya da tüketimi geleceğe saklama alternatifini belirler. Bu ayrım ekonomi seviyesinde ayrıca önemlidir:
- Bazı ülkelerin yüksek derece gelir eşitsizliği ve buna kıyasla düşük derecede servet eşitsizliği vardır - örneğin; Japonya ve İtalya
- Bazı ülkelerin nispeten düşük derecede gelir eşitsizliği ancak buna kıyasla yüksek derecede servet eşitsizliği vardır - örneğin; İsveç ve Danimarka
Ölçümler
Küresel servet dağılımı tahminleri
The following table displays the wealth patterns within countries. The table was created from information provided by the Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", published 2013. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nedenler
Toplum içindeki ekonomik eşitsizlik için pek çok neden vardır. Son dönemlerdeki gelir eşitsizliğindeki artışın - OECD ülkeleri için -temel nedeni maaş ve ücretlerdeki eşitsizliktir.
Teorik yapı
Neoklasik iktisat
Marksist iktisat
İşgücü piyasası
Vergiler
Eğitim
Liberal ekonomi, fiyat serbestisi ve sendikaların gerilemesi
Küreselleşme
Cinsiyet
Ekonomik kalkınma
![image](https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/image/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lraXBlZGlhLnRyLXRyLm5pbmEuYXovaW1hZ2UvYUhSMGNITTZMeTkxY0d4dllXUXVkMmxyYVcxbFpHbGhMbTl5Wnk5M2FXdHBjR1ZrYVdFdlkyOXRiVzl1Y3k5MGFIVnRZaTgyTHpaaUwwdDFlbTVsZEhOZlkzVnlkbVV1Y0c1bkx6TXlNSEI0TFV0MWVtNWxkSE5mWTNWeWRtVXVjRzVuLnBuZw==.png)
Bireysel tercihler
Servet toplanması
Kira arayışları
Finansal endüstri
Jamie Galbraith geniş finans sektörüne sahip ülkelerde ekonomik eşitsizliğin daha yüksek olduğunu ve finans sektörü hacmi ile eşitsizlik arasındaki bağlantının tesadüf olmadığını savunur.
Etkiler
![image](https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/image/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lraXBlZGlhLnRyLXRyLm5pbmEuYXovaW1hZ2UvYUhSMGNITTZMeTkxY0d4dllXUXVkMmxyYVcxbFpHbGhMbTl5Wnk5M2FXdHBjR1ZrYVdFdlkyOXRiVzl1Y3k5MGFIVnRZaTltTDJZMkwwTnZiblJ5WVhOMFpWOGxNamcxTkRBeE5qRXpNRGd5SlRJNVh5VXlPRElsTWprdWFuQm5Mekl5TUhCNExVTnZiblJ5WVhOMFpWOGxNamcxTkRBeE5qRXpNRGd5SlRJNVh5VXlPRElsTWprdWFuQm4uanBn.jpg)
Sağlık
Sosyal uyum
Suç
Sosyal, kültürel ve kentsel katılım
Fayda, ekonomik refah ve dağıtım sistemlerinde verimlilik
Toplam talep, tüketim ve borç
Emek, konsolidasyon ve rekabetteki tekelleşme
Ekonomik teşvikler
Ekonomik büyüme
![image](https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/image/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lraXBlZGlhLnRyLXRyLm5pbmEuYXovaW1hZ2UvYUhSMGNITTZMeTkxY0d4dllXUXVkMmxyYVcxbFpHbGhMbTl5Wnk5M2FXdHBjR1ZrYVdFdlkyOXRiVzl1Y3k5MGFIVnRZaTgwTHpReEwwSmxjbWRmVDNOMGNubGZNakF4TVY5RGFHRnlkRjgwTG1kcFppODBNREJ3ZUMxQ1pYSm5YMDl6ZEhKNVh6SXdNVEZmUTJoaGNuUmZOQzVuYVdZPS5naWY=.gif)
Mekanizmalar
Adil bir büyüme
Konut
Hanehakı riskleri ve tüketim isteği
Yoksulluk
Çevre
Savaş, terör ve siyasi istikrarsızlık
Bakış açıları
Sosyalist perspektifler
Meritokrasi
Liberal bakış açıları
Sosyal adalet değişkenleri
Toplumsal refah üzerindeki etkiler
Yetenek yaklaşımı
Ekonomik eşitsizliği azaltmak için politikalar
Azaltıcı Etkenler
Ayrıca bakınız
Kaynakça
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- ^ Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry. (2011) "Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin" 21 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . IMF Staff Discussion Note No. SDN/11/08 (International Monetary Fund)
Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
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- Smeeding, Timothy M.; Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2011), "Recent trends in income inequality", Immervoll, Herwig; Peichl, Andreas; Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (Ed.), Who loses in the downturn? Economic crisis, employment and income distribution, Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32, Bingley, UK: , ss. 1-50, ISBN .Economic crisis, employment and income distribution, Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 1–50, . Pdf. 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Also available as Smeeding, Timothy M.; Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2011). "Recent trends in income inequality (book chapter)". Research in Labor Economics (book series). Cilt 32. . ss. 1-50. doi:10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004."Recent trends in income inequality (book chapter)". Research in Labor Economics (book series) (Emerald Group Publishing Limited) 32: 1–50. doi:10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004.
- Solow, Robert M. (Şubat 1956). "A contribution to the theory of economic growth". . 70 (1). Oxford Journals. ss. 65-94. doi:10.2307/1884513. JSTOR 1884513."A contribution to the theory of economic growth". Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford Journals) 70 (1): 65–94. doi:10.2307/1884513. JSTOR 1884513. Pdf. 11 Eylül 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Svizzero, Serge; (2003). "Income inequality between skilled individuals". International Journal of Social Economics. 30 (11). . ss. 1118-30. doi:10.1108/03068290310497486."Income inequality between skilled individuals". International Journal of Social Economics (Emerald) 30 (11): 1118–30. doi:10.1108/03068290310497486.
- Çalışmalar
- Burkhauser, R. V.; Feng, S.; Jenkins, S. P. (2009). "Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults". Review of Income and Wealth. 55 (1). ss. 166-85. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x. 25 Nisan 2016 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016."Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults" 25 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .. Review of Income and Wealth 55 (1): 166–85. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x.
- Dollar, David; Gatti, Roberta (Mayıs 1999). Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women? (pdf). Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington DC: The World Bank. OCLC 43703722. 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016.Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women? 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (pdf). Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington DC: The World Bank. OCLC 43703722. Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1.
- Ravallion, Martin (2005). World Bank, 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579,
- Sawhill, Isabel. "Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society? 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde ." The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012.
- Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States" 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .. FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper.
- Uslaner, Eric.; Mitchell, Brown. (2002). "Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement" (PDF). 1 Haziran 2013 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016."Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement" 27 Eylül 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (PDF).
- Voitchovsky, Sarah. "The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .." Working paper.
Dış bağlantılar
Media related to Economic inequality at Wikimedia Commons
- Levy, Frank (2008). "Distribution of Income". (ed.) (Ed.). (2.2yayıncı= bas.). Indianapolis. ISBN . OCLC 237794267. 26 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2016. "Distribution of Income" 26 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .. In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. . OCLC 237794267.
- A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality 4 Şubat 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Small Inequality Measures Calculus (and On-Line Calculator) 23 Ekim 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- explores some aspects of inequality using online, downloadable maps and graphics.
- Population Health Forum website 20 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . – group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality.
- Russell Sage Foundation. . Working Papers. 29 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde kaynağından (Web page) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2006.. Working Papers. Archived from (Web page) on May 29, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2006.
- Leigh, A.; Jencks, C. (2005). "Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries" (PDF). 27 Şubat 2008 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2005."Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries" 27 Şubat 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (PDF). Retrieved November 30, 2005.
- Clarkwest, A; Jencks, C. (2003). (PDF). 28 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2005. (PDF). Archived from (PDF) on May 28, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2005.
- The Inequality Predicament 25 Ekim 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005
- Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? 13 Haziran 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . Understanding Income Inequality in the United States 13 Haziran 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased? 15 Şubat 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . Accessed 2007-06-11.
- Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades 21 Ocak 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . studies the trade-offs between earning income and enjoying leisure
- Data from the Inequality Survey 3 Şubat 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America's "Social Democratic" and "Populist" Governments: Is the Difference Real? 5 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . from the Center for Economic and Policy Research
- Thomas Piketty's presentation Inequality & Capitalism in the Long-Run 12 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . based on Capital in the Twenty-First Century
- "Wealth Gap" – A Guide 29 Eylül 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (AP News – January 2014).
- Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know 27 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . Asian Development Bank
- As inequality soars, the nervous super rich are already planning their escapes 1 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .. The Guardian. 23 January 2015.
- Asia’s Wealth Inequality Problem 5 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .. The Diplomat. October 23, 2015.
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Ekonomik esitsizlik bir gruptaki bireylerin bir populasyonu olusturan gruplarin ya da ulkelerin arasindaki ekonomik refah seviyesinde farkliliklar bulunmasi durumunu tanimlar Ekonomik esitsizlik ifadesi gelir esitsizligi servet esitsizligi ya da zenginlik boslugu olarak da ifade edilebilir Ekonomistler genellikle ekonomik esitsizlige uc kriteri olcu alarak yaklasir servet gelir ve tuketim Ekonomik esitsizlik sorunu esitlik esitlik ciktisi ve esitlik firsati kavramlari ile iliskilidir Dunya genelindeki gelir esitligindeki farkliliklardir olcum araci Gini katsayisidir Gini katsayisi 0 ile 1 arasinda olan bir degerdir 0 mukemmel esitligi ifade ederken herkesin ayni gelire sahip olmasi durumu 1 ise mukemmel esitsizligi tanimlar bir kisinin tum gelire sahip olurken diger hicbir kimsenin gelir elde edememesi durumu Ekonomik esitsizlik toplumlar tarihsel donemler ekonomik yapilar ve ekonomik sistemler arasinda degisiklikler gosterir Bu esitsizlik gelirin ya da servetin herhangi bir periyottaki yatay seyri ve gelir ya da servetin uzun sureler icerisindeki degisimi anlamini tasir Ekonomik esitsizligi olcmek icin bircok sayisal endeks mevcut olup en yaygin olarak kullanilan ise Gini katsayisi dir Bazi calismalar ekonomik esitsizligin toplumsal bir sorun oldugunu ortaya koymustur Ornegin Yuksek degerdeki esitsizlik yikici olabilir cunku bu esitsizlik uzun vadeli buyumeye engel olacaktir Yuksek degerdeki gelir esitligi de ayni sekilde yikicidir cunku verimliligi azaltir risk alma ve servet edinme istegini koreltir Esitsizligin deneysel amprik olcumuEkonomistler ekonomik dagilimi olcerken genellikle uc metrigi dikkate alir servet gelir ve tuketim Profesyonel bir uzmanin ogrencilik doneminde dusuk serveti ve dusuk geliri olabilir ve kariyer surecinde dusuk servet ve yuksek gelir kariyer sonrasinda ise yuksek servet ve dusuk geliri olur Insanlarin tercihleri kazanclarini hemen tuketmeyi ya da tuketimi gelecege saklama alternatifini belirler Bu ayrim ekonomi seviyesinde ayrica onemlidir Bazi ulkelerin yuksek derece gelir esitsizligi ve buna kiyasla dusuk derecede servet esitsizligi vardir ornegin Japonya ve Italya Bazi ulkelerin nispeten dusuk derecede gelir esitsizligi ancak buna kiyasla yuksek derecede servet esitsizligi vardir ornegin Isvec ve DanimarkaOlcumlerKuresel servet dagilimi tahminleri The following table displays the wealth patterns within countries The table was created from information provided by the Credit Suisse Research Institute s Global Wealth Databook published 2013 Country Adults Thousands Mean wealth per adult USD Median wealth per adult USD Distribution of adults by wealth range USD Gini under 10K 10K 100K 100K 1M gt 1M TotalDanimarka 4 190 255 066 57 675 39 5 17 37 8 5 7 100 107 7Rusya Federasyonu 110 365 10 976 871 93 7 5 6 0 6 0 1 100 93 1Ukrayna 35 912 3 413 419 97 4 2 3 0 2 0 100 90Kazakistan 10 958 7 161 1 176 93 1 6 3 0 6 0 1 100 86 7Lubnan 2 953 30 868 6 076 66 8 29 8 3 2 0 3 100 86 3Amerika Birlesik Devletleri 239 279 301 140 44 911 30 7 33 30 7 5 5 100 85 1Zimbabve 6 690 2 913 479 93 9 5 8 0 3 0 100 83 8Turkiye 51 687 25 909 5 326 67 30 3 2 5 0 2 100 83 7Guney Afrika 31 034 19 613 3 051 72 3 24 9 2 6 0 1 100 83 6Hong Kong Cin 6 052 153 312 32 384 30 3 49 7 18 3 1 7 100 83 1Filipinler 56 730 8 799 1 849 88 1 11 1 0 8 0 1 100 82 9Endonezya 157 869 11 839 2 393 81 1 17 6 1 3 0 1 100 82 8Tayland 49 642 7 772 1 855 90 5 8 8 0 6 0 100 82 6Venezuela 18 991 6 900 1 505 90 9 8 5 0 6 0 100 82 5Brezilya 135 385 23 278 5 117 66 6 30 5 2 7 0 2 100 82 1Malezya 18 382 27 007 5 831 61 4 35 3 3 1 0 2 100 81 5Sili 12 461 49 032 11 742 45 48 6 6 0 4 100 81 4Hindistan 767 612 4 706 1 040 94 4 5 2 0 3 0 100 81 3Isvicre 6 101 512 562 95 916 5 2 46 38 8 10 100 80 6Isvec 7 299 299 441 52 677 15 6 48 3 29 2 6 9 100 80 3Misir 52 710 7 285 1 852 90 4 9 0 6 0 100 80 3Nijerya 80 462 3 620 894 94 9 4 9 0 3 0 100 80Kolombiya 30 464 26 222 6 228 60 2 35 8 3 9 0 2 100 79 7Seychelles 54 60 003 14 617 40 50 9 2 0 8 100 79 6Arjantin 28 265 15 638 4 032 72 1 26 1 1 7 0 1 100 79 6Suudi Arabistan 16 694 37 346 9 772 53 3 41 1 5 3 0 3 100 79 3Namibia 1 256 19 899 4 531 67 5 28 3 4 2 0 1 100 78 7Israil 4 947 137 351 38 164 30 44 8 23 7 1 5 100 78 7Comoros 388 2 872 670 93 8 6 1 0 2 0 100 78 7Kibris 694 119 568 34 874 23 8 56 3 18 6 1 4 100 78 3Meksika 73 380 35 872 9 718 53 5 40 6 5 7 0 3 100 78Norvec 3 733 380 473 92 859 19 4 32 5 40 6 7 5 100 77 8Avusturya 6 761 203 931 57 450 28 2 31 8 37 3 100 77 8Libya 4 291 28 397 6 563 58 1 35 7 6 0 1 100 77 7Botswana 1 181 10 348 2 649 81 17 6 1 4 0 100 77 2Almanya 67 068 192 232 49 370 29 33 3 35 1 2 6 100 77 1Haiti 5 813 3 532 960 92 3 7 5 0 2 0 100 76 1Angola 9 273 14 708 3 934 69 1 28 8 2 1 0 100 75 6Central African Republic 2 370 800 241 99 1 0 9 0 0 100 74 8Bolivia 5 800 4 604 1 368 89 3 10 4 0 3 0 100 74 4Zambia 6 151 1 817 548 96 8 3 2 0 0 100 74 1Czech Republic 8 437 44 975 15 541 40 53 2 6 4 0 3 100 74Singapore 3 955 281 764 90 466 20 34 2 41 4 4 4 100 73 9Kuwait 2 291 119 101 42 897 21 8 55 5 21 5 1 2 100 73 8Poland 30 255 26 056 9 109 55 41 5 3 3 0 1 100 73 7Taiwan 18 359 151 752 53 336 22 5 45 1 30 8 1 7 100 73 6Netherlands 12 914 185 588 83 631 23 3 30 9 43 6 2 2 100 73 2Belize 188 9 998 3 130 76 3 22 6 1 1 0 100 73 1Suriname 344 14 250 4 544 68 8 29 6 1 6 0 100 73Nicaragua 3 424 3 432 1 147 92 5 7 3 0 1 0 100 73Romania 16 692 14 044 5 137 69 3 29 2 1 4 0 1 100 73Lesotho 1 079 3 457 1 105 92 4 7 5 0 1 0 100 72 9Paraguay 3 910 10 934 3 726 73 2 25 6 1 3 0 100 72 8Swaziland 628 4 360 1 393 90 9 8 0 2 0 100 72 7Panama 2 322 22 292 7 509 57 3 38 5 4 2 0 100 72 7Rwanda 5 306 723 245 99 3 0 7 0 0 100 72 7Sao Tome and Principe 86 2 721 959 94 3 5 7 0 1 0 100 72 7Canada 27 173 251 034 90 252 30 21 5 44 9 3 7 100 72 7Korea 38 350 79 475 30 938 25 3 59 5 14 5 0 7 100 72 6Papua New Guinea 3 752 8 470 2 821 81 1 18 0 8 0 100 72 4Cape Verde 295 16 313 5 478 65 32 5 2 5 0 100 72 3Antigua and Barbuda 63 19 011 6 281 58 8 38 3 3 0 100 72 2Costa Rica 3 246 28 124 9 532 54 1 40 2 5 7 0 1 100 72 2Dominica 50 24 086 8 349 55 40 3 4 7 0 1 100 72St Kitts and Nevis 34 23 613 8 185 56 3 39 1 4 6 0 1 100 71 9St Vincent and the Grenadines 71 10 196 3 492 73 8 25 1 1 1 0 100 71 9Grenada 67 14 473 5 017 67 5 30 7 1 7 0 100 71 9New Zealand 3 234 182 548 76 607 25 6 34 1 38 1 2 3 100 71 8Ecuador 8 723 12 350 4 403 69 8 28 8 1 4 0 100 71 4El Salvador 3 738 12 039 4 483 70 28 7 1 3 0 100 71Ireland 3 488 183 804 75 573 20 9 36 5 40 4 2 2 100 70 9Kenya 20 757 2 843 1 049 94 2 5 7 0 1 0 100 70 9Oman 1 872 48 415 18 152 40 47 8 12 0 2 100 70 8Peru 18 865 18 227 6 705 58 5 38 9 2 6 0 100 70 8Gambia 908 864 324 99 2 0 8 0 0 100 70 8Congo Brazzaville 2 024 3 892 1 420 91 2 8 6 0 1 0 100 70 8United Arab Emirates 3 777 126 791 51 882 20 50 6 28 2 1 3 100 70 5Qatar 1 278 153 294 58 237 25 38 3 35 1 7 100 70 5Portugal 8 614 89 074 38 846 25 8 54 8 18 7 0 8 100 70 1Mozambique 11 441 811 313 99 3 0 7 0 0 100 70Jamaica 1 719 11 401 4 393 70 28 8 1 2 0 100 69 9Uruguay 2 400 47 002 17 998 39 6 48 3 11 9 0 2 100 69 8Uganda 15 107 750 294 99 4 0 6 0 0 100 69 6DR Congo 31 854 321 124 99 9 0 1 0 0 100 69 6China 998 254 22 230 8 023 58 4 39 1 2 4 0 1 100 69 5Madagascar 10 359 448 177 99 8 0 2 0 0 100 69 4Guyana 474 3 801 1 506 91 6 8 3 0 1 0 100 69 2Fiji 523 6 473 2 630 85 14 6 0 4 0 100 69France 48 124 295 933 141 850 21 7 22 9 50 8 4 6 100 69Barbados 200 22 289 8 108 55 41 5 3 5 0 100 69Eritrea 2 781 2 125 875 96 3 3 7 0 0 100 68 9Macedonia 1 561 11 543 4 743 69 3 29 6 1 1 0 100 68 8Sierra Leone 2 897 681 273 99 6 0 4 0 0 100 68 8Ghana 13 501 1 811 743 97 7 2 3 0 0 100 68 6St Lucia 119 13 087 5 296 66 3 32 5 1 2 0 100 68 5Tunisia 7 452 21 084 8 823 55 41 5 3 5 0 100 68 2Gabon 869 21 860 9 240 55 41 3 3 7 0 100 68 2Solomon Islands 298 9 868 4 261 73 8 25 3 1 0 100 68 1Morocco 21 355 11 398 4 750 70 28 9 1 1 0 100 68 1Cote d Ivoire 11 501 2 640 1 104 95 4 9 0 1 0 100 68 1Sri Lanka 14 326 5 033 2 101 87 9 11 9 0 2 0 100 68Turkmenistan 3 352 36 570 15 305 40 52 1 7 8 0 1 100 68Georgia 3 172 21 640 9 178 54 7 41 8 3 5 0 100 68Togo 3 693 2 450 1 049 95 6 4 3 0 0 100 67 9United Kingdom 48 220 243 570 111 524 18 28 8 50 3 2 100 67 7Mauritania 1 832 1 967 865 97 3 0 0 100 67 7Burkina Faso 7 721 1 273 543 98 7 1 3 0 0 100 67 7Djibouti 508 3 465 1 488 92 8 7 2 0 1 0 100 67 5Chad 5 485 1 131 483 99 1 0 0 100 67 5Trinidad and Tobago 987 15 088 6 459 60 38 5 1 5 0 100 67 4Malawi 7 417 207 89 100 0 0 0 100 67 3Guinea 5 301 882 380 99 4 0 6 0 0 100 67 3Iceland 253 211 592 104 733 20 30 47 3 2 7 100 67 3Tonga 54 15 905 7 217 58 8 39 8 1 5 0 100 67 2Senegal 6 423 2 597 1 125 95 3 4 7 0 0 100 67 2Cameroon 10 459 2 603 1 115 95 2 4 8 0 0 100 67 2Vanuatu 138 6 068 2 753 85 14 7 0 3 0 100 67 1Benin 4 733 3 187 1 398 93 6 6 3 0 1 0 100 67 1Samoa 92 34 537 15 132 40 53 6 9 0 1 100 67Cambodia 9 151 2 644 1 155 95 4 9 0 0 100 67Yemen 12 192 4 951 2 193 88 3 11 6 0 2 0 100 66 8Iran 53 270 8 727 3 846 75 24 4 0 6 0 100 66 8Liberia 2 118 2 173 987 96 5 3 5 0 0 100 66 7Tanzania 22 038 951 423 99 3 0 7 0 0 100 66 6Laos 3 618 5 393 2 411 86 7 13 1 0 2 0 100 66 5Lithuania 2 537 23 411 10 635 47 5 48 5 3 9 0 100 66 5Myanmar 34 180 2 214 941 97 3 0 0 100 66 4Finland 4 195 171 821 95 095 29 22 3 47 2 1 6 100 66 4Maldives 210 5 556 2 480 85 14 8 0 2 0 100 66 3Bahamas 242 41 106 17 842 35 55 9 9 0 1 100 66 2Spain 37 206 123 997 63 306 17 4 52 4 29 1 1 100 66 1Mongolia 1 855 14 214 6 433 61 1 37 6 1 3 0 100 66 1Syrian Arab Republic 13 352 7 073 3 198 82 7 16 9 0 4 0 100 66Latvia 1 787 24 285 11 338 45 50 9 4 0 100 66Greece 9 105 102 971 53 937 20 4 53 7 25 1 0 8 100 65 9Jordan 3 858 14 364 6 589 60 3 38 3 1 4 0 100 65 9Kyrgyz Republic 3 568 5 385 2 432 85 9 13 9 0 2 0 100 65 9Viet Nam 61 765 4 857 2 215 87 8 12 0 2 0 100 65 8West Bank and Gaza 1 739 8 979 4 200 73 1 26 3 0 6 0 100 65 8Equatorial Guinea 365 19 525 9 130 55 42 6 2 4 0 100 65 8Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 985 11 173 5 139 68 2 30 9 0 9 0 100 65 8Luxembourg 390 315 240 182 768 15 22 5 57 5 5 100 65 7Estonia 1 055 33 701 15 724 40 53 3 6 6 0 1 100 65 7Guinea Bissau 836 424 199 99 9 0 1 0 0 100 65 7Albania 2 237 9 450 4 451 72 7 26 6 0 7 0 100 65 6Niger 7 014 937 434 99 3 0 7 0 0 100 65 5Algeria 23 982 10 100 4 673 70 29 2 0 7 0 100 65 5Sudan 23 811 1 291 595 98 9 1 1 0 0 100 65 4Burundi 4 729 293 137 99 9 0 1 0 0 100 65 2Azerbaijan 6 276 16 344 7 721 57 1 41 4 1 5 0 100 65 1Croatia 3 498 26 551 12 639 41 2 54 1 4 7 0 100 65 1Italy 49 117 241 383 138 653 20 20 5 56 5 3 100 65Mali 6 464 955 455 99 4 0 6 0 0 100 64 7Moldova 2 692 3 854 1 874 91 8 8 1 0 1 0 100 64 7Nepal 17 273 1 998 951 97 7 2 3 0 0 100 64 7Bangladesh 104 135 1 894 908 97 9 2 1 0 0 100 64 6Mauritius 935 37 308 19 247 40 52 5 7 4 0 1 100 64 5Hungary 7 915 28 379 14 068 40 55 4 9 0 100 64Armenia 2 263 5 613 2 793 85 5 14 3 0 2 0 100 63 9Tajikistan 4 022 3 168 1 581 94 3 5 7 0 1 0 100 63 8Pakistan 106 365 4 248 2 106 90 8 9 0 1 0 100 63 8Ethiopia 42 750 411 207 99 9 0 1 0 0 100 63 6Australia 16 617 402 578 219 505 6 9 23 7 62 6 6 8 100 63 6Japan 104 315 216 694 110 294 9 2 37 7 50 6 2 5 100 63 5Montenegro 467 21 340 10 929 45 52 6 2 4 0 100 63 4Belgium 8 387 255 573 148 141 17 4 22 1 57 3 3 2 100 62 6Serbia 7 527 15 175 7 978 56 8 42 1 3 0 100 62 5Bulgaria 5 991 16 818 8 825 55 2 43 4 1 4 0 100 62 5Belarus 7 543 2 407 1 271 96 8 3 1 0 0 100 62 2Malta 330 71 448 42 898 18 8 65 15 9 0 3 100 59 5Bahrain 571 44 822 26 675 28 7 60 11 2 0 100 58 5Brunei Darussalam 286 51 373 31 527 26 2 58 7 15 0 100 58 5Slovenia 1 655 64 067 44 932 19 4 60 6 19 9 0 1 100 53 5Slovakia 4 303 27 224 20 740 19 8 77 8 2 4 0 100 44 7NedenlerToplum icindeki ekonomik esitsizlik icin pek cok neden vardir Son donemlerdeki gelir esitsizligindeki artisin OECD ulkeleri icin temel nedeni maas ve ucretlerdeki esitsizliktir Teorik yapi Neoklasik iktisat Marksist iktisat Isgucu piyasasi Vergiler Egitim Liberal ekonomi fiyat serbestisi ve sendikalarin gerilemesi Kuresellesme Cinsiyet Ekonomik kalkinma Kuznet egrisiBireysel tercihler Servet toplanmasi Kira arayislari Finansal endustri Jamie Galbraith genis finans sektorune sahip ulkelerde ekonomik esitsizligin daha yuksek oldugunu ve finans sektoru hacmi ile esitsizlik arasindaki baglantinin tesaduf olmadigini savunur EtkilerRio de Janeiro daki bu binalardaki farklilik ekonomik esitsizligin gostergesidir Saglik Sosyal uyum Suc Sosyal kulturel ve kentsel katilim Fayda ekonomik refah ve dagitim sistemlerinde verimlilik Toplam talep tuketim ve borc Emek konsolidasyon ve rekabetteki tekellesme Ekonomik tesvikler Ekonomik buyume Berg and Ostry of the International Monetary Fund found that of the factors affecting the duration of growth spells not the rate of growth in developed and developing countries income equality is more beneficial than trade openness sound political institutions or foreign investment Mekanizmalar Adil bir buyume Konut Hanehaki riskleri ve tuketim istegi Yoksulluk Cevre Savas teror ve siyasi istikrarsizlikBakis acilariSosyalist perspektifler Meritokrasi Liberal bakis acilari Sosyal adalet degiskenleri Toplumsal refah uzerindeki etkiler Yetenek yaklasimiEkonomik esitsizligi azaltmak icin politikalarAzaltici EtkenlerAyrica bakinizEkonomik esitlikKaynakca a b c d A three headed hydra The Economist 16 Temmuz 2014 13 Kasim 2015 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Fletcher Michael A 10 Mart 2013 Research ties economic inequality to gap in life expectancy Washington Post 28 Temmuz 2013 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 23 Mart 2013 Wojciech Kopczuk Emmanuel Saez and Jae Song find that most of the increase in the variance of annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory earnings Wilkinson Richard Pickett Kate 2009 Allen Lane s 352 ISBN 978 1 84614 039 6 Easterly W 2007 Inequality does cause underdevelopment Insights from a new instrument PDF Journal of Development Economics 84 2 ss 755 76 doi 10 1016 j jdeveco 2006 11 002 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Castells Quintana David Royuela Vicente 2012 PDF Investigaciones Regionales 12 24 ss 153 73 11 Nisan 2019 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 17 Ekim 2013 Stiglitz J 2009 The global crisis social protection and jobs PDF International Labour Review Cilt 148 ss 1 2 doi 10 1111 j 1564 913x 2009 00046 x 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Temple J 1999 PDF Journal of Economic Literature 37 1 ss 112 56 doi 10 1257 jel 37 1 112 18 Ekim 2015 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Clarke G 1995 More evidence on income distribution and growth PDF Journal of Development Economics Cilt 47 ss 403 27 doi 10 1016 0304 3878 94 00069 o 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 1 Nisan 2012 Optimal inequality for economic growth stability and shared prosperity the economics behind the Wall Street Occupiers Protest Insights Cilt 11 ss 5 11 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 30 Ocak 2016 Friedman Mark 1 Mart 2008 PDF Review of Social Economy 66 1 Taylor amp Francis ss 93 111 doi 10 1080 00346760701668479 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 30 Ocak 2016 Edsall Thomas B 4 Mart 2014 Just Right Inequality The New York Times 22 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 31 Ocak 2016 Becker Gary S Murphy Kevin M Mayis 2007 The America 1 Ekim 2014 tarihinde kaynagindan arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 8 Ocak 2014 1 19 Ekim 2017 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Credit Suisse Research Institute Global Wealth Databook 2013 Gurria Angel 5 Aralik 2011 James K Galbraith Inequality and Instability A Study of the World Economy Just before the Great Crisis New York Oxford University Press 2012 Stiglitz Joseph E June 4 2012 Berg Andrew G Ostry Jonathan D 2011 Equality and Efficiency Finance and Development 48 3 International Monetary Fund 3 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 13 Temmuz 2014 Andrew 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development and capability approach freedom and agency Sterling Virginia Ottawa Ontario Earthscan International Development Research Centre ISBN 9781844078066 Giddens Anthony 2005 The new egalitarianism Cambridge UK Malden Massachusetts Polity ISBN 9780745634319 The new egalitarianism Cambridge UK Malden Massachusetts Polity ISBN 9780745634319 Gilens Martin 2012 Affluence and influence Economic inequality and political power in America Princeton New Jersey New York Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation ISBN 9780691162423 Affluence and influence Economic inequality and political power in America Princeton New Jersey New York Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation ISBN 9780691162423 Lambert Peter J 2001 The distribution and redistribution of income 3 3isbn 9780719057328 bas Manchester New York New York Manchester University Press Palgrave The distribution and redistribution of income 3rd ed Manchester New York New York Manchester University Press Palgrave ISBN 9780719057328 Lynn Richard Vanhanen Tatu 2002 IQ and the wealth of nations Westport Connecticut Praeger ISBN 9780275975104 IQ and the wealth of nations Westport Connecticut Praeger ISBN 9780275975104 Merino Noel Ed 2016 Income inequality Opposing Viewpoints Series Farmington Hills Michigan Greenhaven Press ISBN 9780737775259 Income inequality Opposing Viewpoints Series Farmington Hills Michigan Greenhaven Press ISBN 9780737775259 Page Benjamin I Jacobs Lawrence R 2009 Class war What Americans really think about economic inequality Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226644554 Class war What Americans really think about economic inequality Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226644554 Salverda Wiemer Nolan Brian Smeeding Timothy M 2009 The Oxford handbook of economic inequality Oxford New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199231379 The Oxford handbook of economic inequality Oxford New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199231379 2006 The elements of justice 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the market principle von Mises Ludwig Ed Human action a treatise on economics Auburn Alabama Ludwig Von Mises Institute ss 819 50 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Chapter 35 The welfare principle versus the market principle In von Mises Ludwig Human action a treatise on economics 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Auburn Alabama Ludwig Von Mises Institute pp 819 50 ISBN 9780945466246 2005 The impact of inequality how to make sick societies healthier Londra Routledge ISBN 9780415372695 The impact of inequality how to make sick societies healthier London Routledge ISBN 9780415372695 2009 Londra Allen Lane ISBN 9781846140396 The spirit level why more equal societies almost always do better London Allen Lane ISBN 9781846140396 MakalelerAlesina Alberto Di Tella Rafael MacCulloch Robert Agustos 2004 Inequality and Happiness Are Americans and Europeans Different Journal of Public Economics 88 9 10 Elsevier ss 2009 42 doi 10 1016 j jpubeco 2003 07 006 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inequality public policy and America s poor 53 6 Taylor and Francis ss 93 109 doi 10 2753 0577 5132530606 JSTOR 27896630 Rising inequality public policy and America s poor Challenge Taylor and Francis 53 6 93 109 doi 10 2753 0577 5132530606 JSTOR 27896630 Pdf 2 Nisan 2015 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Lagerlof Nils Petter Agustos 2005 Sex equality and growth 38 3 ss 807 31 doi 10 1111 j 0008 4085 2005 00303 x Sex equality and growth Canadian Journal of Economics Wiley 38 3 807 31 doi 10 1111 j 0008 4085 2005 00303 x Similar paper from August 2002 Maavak Mathew Aralik 2012 Class warfare anarchy and the future society 17 2 ss 15 36 24 Haziran 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Class warfare anarchy and the future society 24 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Journal of Futures Studies Tamkang University Press 17 2 15 36 Garcia Penalosa Cecilia Turnovsky Stephen J Mart 2007 Growth income inequality and fiscal policy What are the relevant trade offs 39 2 3 ss 369 94 doi 10 1111 j 0022 2879 2007 00029 x Growth income inequality and fiscal policy What are the relevant trade offs Journal of Money Credit and Banking Wiley 39 2 3 369 94 doi 10 1111 j 0022 2879 2007 00029 x Pdf 4 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Pigou Arthur C 1932 1920 Part I Chapter VIII Economic welfare and changes in the distribution of the national dividend section I VIII 3 Pigou Arthur C Ed The economics of welfare 4 4oclc 302702 bas Londra Macmillan and Co 9 Kasim 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 London Macmillan and Co OCLC 302702 Sala i Martin Xavier Mayis 2006 The world distribution of income Falling poverty and convergence period 121 2 Oxford Journals ss 351 97 doi 10 1162 qjec 2006 121 2 351 JSTOR 25098796 The world distribution of income Falling poverty and convergence period Quarterly Journal of Economics Oxford Journals 121 2 351 97 doi 10 1162 qjec 2006 121 2 351 JSTOR 25098796 1 Temmuz 2000 Gender inequality and economic growth A cross country analysis 28 7 ss 1211 30 doi 10 1016 S0305 750X 00 00018 8 Gender inequality and economic growth A cross country analysis World Development ScienceDirect 28 7 1211 30 doi 10 1016 S0305 750X 00 00018 8 Smeeding Timothy M Thompson Jeffrey P 2011 Recent trends in income inequality Immervoll Herwig Peichl Andreas Tatsiramos Konstantinos Ed Who loses in the downturn Economic crisis employment and income distribution Research in Labor Economics Volume 32 Bingley UK ss 1 50 ISBN 9780857247490 Economic crisis employment and income distribution Research in Labor Economics Volume 32 Bingley UK Emerald Group Publishing Limited pp 1 50 ISBN 9780857247490 Pdf 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Also available as Smeeding Timothy M Thompson Jeffrey P 2011 Recent trends in income inequality book chapter Research in Labor Economics book series Cilt 32 ss 1 50 doi 10 1108 S0147 9121 2011 0000032004 Recent trends in income inequality book chapter Research in Labor Economics book series Emerald Group Publishing Limited 32 1 50 doi 10 1108 S0147 9121 2011 0000032004 dd Solow Robert M Subat 1956 A contribution to the theory of economic growth 70 1 Oxford Journals ss 65 94 doi 10 2307 1884513 JSTOR 1884513 A contribution to the theory of economic growth Quarterly Journal of Economics Oxford Journals 70 1 65 94 doi 10 2307 1884513 JSTOR 1884513 Pdf 11 Eylul 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Svizzero Serge 2003 Income inequality between skilled individuals International Journal of Social Economics 30 11 ss 1118 30 doi 10 1108 03068290310497486 Income inequality between skilled individuals International Journal of Social Economics Emerald 30 11 1118 30 doi 10 1108 03068290310497486 CalismalarBurkhauser R V Feng S Jenkins S P 2009 Using the P90 P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults Review of Income and Wealth 55 1 ss 166 85 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4991 2008 00305 x 25 Nisan 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Using the P90 P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults 25 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Review of Income and Wealth 55 1 166 85 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4991 2008 00305 x Dollar David Gatti Roberta Mayis 1999 Gender inequality income and growth Are good times good for women pdf Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network Washington DC The World Bank OCLC 43703722 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Gender inequality income and growth Are good times good for women 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde pdf Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network Washington DC The World Bank OCLC 43703722 Policy research report on gender and development working paper series no 1 Ravallion Martin 2005 World Bank 5 May Policy Research Working Paper no WPS 3579 Sawhill Isabel Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde The Economics of Inequality Poverty and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed Robert S Rycroft The University of Mary Washington 2012 Smeeding Timothy and Thompson Jeffrey Inequality in the Great Recession The Case of the United States 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde FRDB International Income Inequality Project July 2011 Working paper Uslaner Eric Mitchell Brown 2002 Inequality Trust and Civic Engagement PDF 1 Haziran 2013 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 Inequality Trust and Civic Engagement 27 Eylul 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde PDF Voitchovsky Sarah The effects of inequality on growth perspectives from the theoretical literature 9 Nisan 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Working paper Dis baglantilarMedia related to Economic inequalityat Wikimedia Commons Levy Frank 2008 Distribution of Income ed Ed 2 2yayinci bas Indianapolis ISBN 978 0865976658 OCLC 237794267 26 Mayis 2016 tarihinde kaynagindan Erisim tarihi 4 Haziran 2016 KB1 bakim Fazladan yazi editor listesi link Distribution of Income 26 Mayis 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde In David R Henderson ed Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 2nd ed Indianapolis Library of Economics and Liberty ISBN 978 0865976658 OCLC 237794267 A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality 4 Subat 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Small Inequality Measures Calculus and On Line Calculator 23 Ekim 2020 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde explores some aspects of inequality using online downloadable maps and graphics Population Health Forum website 20 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality Russell Sage Foundation Working Papers 29 Mayis 2006 tarihinde kaynagindan Web page arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 2 Mart 2006 Working Papers Archived from Web page on May 29 2006 Retrieved March 2 2006 Leigh A Jencks C 2005 Inequality and Health Long Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries PDF 27 Subat 2008 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF Erisim tarihi 30 Kasim 2005 Inequality and Health Long Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries 27 Subat 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde PDF Retrieved November 30 2005 Clarkwest A Jencks C 2003 PDF 28 Mayis 2006 tarihinde kaynagindan PDF arsivlendi Erisim tarihi 30 Kasim 2005 PDF Archived from PDF on May 28 2006 Retrieved November 30 2005 The Inequality Predicament 25 Ekim 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005 Two Americas One Rich One Poor 13 Haziran 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Understanding Income Inequality in the United States 13 Haziran 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Has U S Income Inequality Really Increased 15 Subat 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Accessed 2007 06 11 Measuring Trends in Leisure The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades 21 Ocak 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde studies the trade offs between earning income and enjoying leisure Data from the Inequality Survey 3 Subat 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America s Social Democratic and Populist Governments Is the Difference Real 5 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde from the Center for Economic and Policy Research Thomas Piketty s presentation Inequality amp Capitalism in the Long Run 12 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde based on Capital in the Twenty First Century Wealth Gap A Guide 29 Eylul 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde AP News January 2014 Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific 12 Things to Know 27 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde Asian Development Bank As inequality soars the nervous super rich are already planning their escapes 1 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde The Guardian 23 January 2015 Asia s Wealth Inequality Problem 5 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde The Diplomat October 23 2015