Karl August Wittfogel 6 Eylül 1896 25 Mayıs 1988 New York Alman Amerikalı oyun yazarı dilbilimci tarihçi türkolog

Karl August Wittfogel (6 Eylül 1896, – 25 Mayıs 1988, New York) Alman-Amerikalı oyun yazarı, dilbilimci tarihçi, türkolog, sinolog, öğretmen, yazar ve siyasetçi. Aslen Marksist ve Almanya Komünist Partisi’nin aktif bir üyesi olan Wittfogel, II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra aynı derecede katı bir Anti-komünist olmuştur.

Karl August Wittfogel
Karl August Wittfogel'in 1926'da Alman fotoğrafçı August Sander tarafından çekilmiş bir portresi.
Doğum	6 Eylül 1896 , Aşağı Saksonya, Alman İmparatorluğu
Ölüm	25 Mayıs 1988 (92 Yaşında) New York, ABD
İkamet	, Münih, Berlin, , Leipzig, İngiltere (1933),New York (1934)
Milliyet	Alman
Diğer ad(lar)ı	„W“, „wf“, „KAW“, „Dr. K“, “Jonathan”, „Dr. Jonathan“, “Nathanael”, „Hans Petersen“, ”Klaus Hinrichs“, "Julius Haidvogel",„Jungmann“
Etnik köken	Cermen
Vatandaşlık	Almanya (Kasım 1933'te İngiltere'ye göç etti) ABD (1934)
Eğitim	Sinoloji, (1921) Leipzig Üniversitesi, Antik Çin Toplumu (1926) Frankfurt Üniversitesi Ph. D. (1928) Frankfurt Üniversitesi
Meslek	Dilbilimci, Yazar, Türkolog, Sinolog, Siyasetçi,Tarihçi, Oyun Yazarı,Lise Öğretmeni
Dönem	I. Dünya Savaşı, II. Dünya Savaşı, Büyük Buhran, Nazi Almanyası
Tanınma nedeni	Lüneburg Wandervogel (Alman Gençlik Hareketi) grubu lideri (I. Dünya Savaşı öncesi), Almanya Bağımsız Sosyal Demokrat Partisi’nin Lüneburg şubesi kurucusu (1918), Almanya Komünist Partisi aktif üyesi (1920), üyesi (1925-1933)
Siyasi parti	Almanya Bağımsız Sosyal Demokrat Partisi (1918-1920), Almanya Komünist Partisi (1920-II. Dünya Savaşı sonu)
Evlilik	(1921) (1933)
Etkilendikleri	Karl Marx, Karl Korsch
Etkiledikleri	, , , , , , , , , , , , , Rudi Dutschke,

Biyografi

Eğitimi ve siyasi kariyeri

Wittfogel 6 Eylül 1896’da , Hannover Vilayeti’nin, bölgesinde doğdu ve okulundan 1914’te ayrıldı. Leipzig Üniversitesi’nin yanı sıra, sırasıyla; Münih, Berlin,Rostock’ta okuyan ve 1919’da Berlin’e geri dönen Wittfogel, filozofi, tarih, sosyoloji ve coğrafya eğitimi almıştır. 1921’den itibaren Leipzig’de sinoloji okumuştur. Eğitim süreci içerisinde, 1917 yılında, Muharebe Birliği Ünitesi (Fernmeldeeinheit)’nde görev almıştır.

Wittfogel, modern çağın en çalkantılı döneminde yaşamıştır. Birinci ve II. Dünya Savaşı’na, Büyük Buhran’a, Rus Devrimleri’ne, Nazi Almanyası’na ve totaliter rejimin hakimiyetine tanıklık etmiştir.

Wittfogel, I. Dünya Savaşı öncesinde, Lüneburg (Alman Gençlik Hareketi) grubunun lideriydi. 1918’de, Almanya Bağımsız Sosyal Demokrat Partisi (USDP)’nin Lüneburg şubesini kurdu. 1920’de Almanya Komünist Partisi (KDP)’ne katıldı. 1920’de Karl Korsch ile tanıştı ve 1923'te Sosyal Araştırma Enstitüsü’nün kuruluşuna yardımcı olan konferansa davet edildi. Wittfogel 1925’ten 1933’e kadar enstitünün üyesiydi. 1928’de Frankfurt Üniversitesi’nde doktorasını tamamladı.

Wittfogel, komünist partinin her zaman aktif bir üyesi ve parti düşmanlarının eleştirmeni olmuştur. 1933’te Hitler iktidara gelince İsviçre’ye kaçmaya çalışmış ancak tutuklanıp hapishaneye ve toplama kamplarına gönderilmiştir. Tutuklanmasına karşı verilen uluslararası tepki sayesinde, 1934’te özgürlüğüne tekrar kavuşmuştur. Almanya’dan ayrılarak, önce İngiltere’ye daha sonra ise Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne gitmiştir.

Wittfogel’in Sovyetler Birliğine olan inancı, Hitler-Stalin müttefikliği yüzünden yok olmuştur. Lenin’den Mao’ya, Rus ve Çin komünizminin totaliter ve “asyatik” doğasından nefret etmeye başlamıştır. Eski yoldaşlarına,-ki bunlara 1951 Komitesi’ndeki ve gibi Amerikalı bilginler de dahildir-düşman olmuş ve bazılarını ihbar etmiştir. Wittfogel, Sovyet bloğunun sahip olduğu devlet merkezli ekonomik yapılarının kaçınılmaz bir şekilde, “geleneksel Asya”’daki hükümetlerden dahi daha baskıcı, despot hükümetlerin oluşmasına yol açtığını ve bu rejimlerin insanoğlu için var olan en büyük tehdit olduğuna inanmıştır.

Akademik kariyeri

Wittfogel, 1939’dan itibaren Columbia Üniversitesi’nde akademik mevkiilerde yer almış ve ayrıca 1947’den 1966’ya kadar Washington Üniversitesi’nde Çin Tarih profesörü olarak görev almıştır.

Aile hayatı ve ölümü

Wittfogel, 1921’de ile evlendi. İkinci eşi ise, Wittfogel ile birlikte Çin’e seyahat eden ve kendisine Çin aile yapısını inceleyen bir projesinde yardım ederek işbirliği yapan bir Rus sosyologtu. Lang, daha sonra Çin aile yapısı üzerine bir monografi ve anarşist yazar Ba Jin’in bir biyografisini yayımlamıştır.Antropolog 1940'ta Wittfogel’in üçüncü eşi olmuştur.

Wittfogel, 25 Mayıs 1988’de, New York'ta, 92 yaşında ölmüştür.

Oyun yazarlığı

1920'li yılların başlarında, Wittfogel, komünist ancak bir o kadar da dışavurumcu oyunlar yazmıştır; “The Cripple”, diğer kısa oyunlarla birlikte 14 Ekim 1920’de Erwin Piscator’un ’nda oynanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, “Red Soldiers (Kırmızı Askerler)”, “The Man Who Has an Idea (Fikri Olan Adam)”, ”The Mother (Anne)”, “The Refugee (Mülteci)”, “The Skyscraper (Gökdelen)” and “Who is the Biggest Fool? (En Büyük Aptal Kim?)” adlı eserlerinin hepsi Malik taradından yayınlanmıştır. Wittfogel, akademik çalışmalarına yoğunlaşmak adına, kendisine yapılan Berlin’deki devrimci Dramatik (Teatral) Yapımcılığı teklifini geri çevirmiştir. Kendisi, isimli ""’nde ve edebiyat üzerine uzun, Hegelci denemeler ve kompozisyonlar yayımlamış ve 1930’dan itibaren derginin kadrosunda yer almıştır.

Asyatik üretim yöntemi

Wittfogel'in en çok bilinen eseri “Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (Oryantal Despotizm: Mutlak Gücün Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi)” isimli, ilk defa 1957’de yayımlanan anıtsal eseridir. Max Weber’in Çin ve Hindistan'ın “hidrolik-bürokratik resmi-devlet” yapıları ile ilgili fikirlerinin Marksist bir analizi ile başlayıp, Marx'ın Asya Tipi Üretim Yöntemi üzerindeki şüpheci bakış açısına dayandırmak suretiyle Wittfogel; sistemi tanımlamak adına "" terimini yaratarak, tarımsal anlamda sulama çalışmalarının rolünü, bu çalışmaların korunması ve devamlılığının sağlanması için gereken bürokratik yapıyı ve söz konusu bu etkenlerin tamamının toplumdaki etkisini vurgulayan analizini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Wittfogel'in görüşüne göre, başlıca Asya'da olmak üzere, birçok toplum geniş-çaplı sulama işlerinin inşaasından geçimini sağlamaktaydı. Devlet, bunu organize edebilmek için, nüfusun genelini angarya işlerinde çalışmaya zorluyordu. Bu gibi büyük boyutlardaki sulama sistemlerinin yönetimi, bakımı ve devamlılığı sadece merkezi bir yönetim tarafından sağlanabileceği için bu tür sistemler Oryantal ülkelerde kaçınılmaz kılmıştır. Söz konusu bu devlet yapısı aynı zamanda sivil toplumu ve devlete karşı harekete geçebilecek kapasiteye sahip başka herhangi bir gücü de ezmek ve yerle bir etmek için benzersiz bir şekilde inşa edilmiştir. Bu yapıdaki bir devletin despot, mutlak güç sahibi, varlıklı ve istikrarlı olması da kaçınılmazdır.Wittfogel’in “Oryantal Despotizm”’deki antikomünist bakış açısı, hidrolik hipotezini pek uygulanabilir olmayan Rusya’yı da kapsayacak şekilde genişletmiştir.

, ve özellikle , Wittfogel hakkında yazan yazarlar olarak gösterilebilir. , , ve Wittfogel’in kendisinden uzaklaşmış öğrencisi , o dönem Maoist olan ve / bu kavram üzerine yoğunlaşmışlardır. SDS öğrenci hareketinin iki Berlin lideri, Rudi Dutschke ve , bu konuda çalışmalar yayımlamışlardır. Zamanın Doğu Almanya muhalifi olan daha sonra “Doğu Avrupa’da Alternatif” adlı eserinin, Wittfogel’in düşüncelerini temel aldığını açıklamış, ancak Wittfogel’in ileriki zamanda oluşan antikomünist kimliğinden dolayı kitapta adına yer verilemediğini belirtmiştir. Bahro’nun ileriki dönemdeki, başta “From Red to Green” olmak üzere bazı çalışmalarında bahsettiği ekolojik fikirlerinde de aynı şekilde Wittfogel’in coğrafi determinizminden esinlenmiştir.

Hidrolik Toplum tezi ayrıca gibi ekoloji antropologları tarafından da benimsenmiştir. Yucatán’ın Maya kalıntıları bölgesindeki mevcut kanallar ağının havadan çekilen fotoğraflar sayesinde ortaya çıkarılması ile beraber söz konusu tez Maya toplumuna da uygulanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, eleştirmenler Seylan ve Bali’nin gerçek anlamda Wittfogel’in hidrolik devlet görüşüne uyduğu düşüncesini reddetmişlerdir.

Röportajları (İngilizce)

“Conversations with Wittfogel”. Telos12 Haziran 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . 43 (Spring 1980). Telos Press, New York.

Oyunları (Almanca)

Julius Haidvogel (= K. A. Wittfogel), Der Krüppel (The Cripple). in: Der Gegner, Vol. 2, Nr. 4, Malik, Berlin, 1920, p. 94ff..
Rote Soldaten. Politische Tragödie in fünf Akten (Red Soldiers), Malik, Berlin, 1921
Der Mann der eine Idee hat. Erotisches Schauspiel in vier Akten (The Man Who Has an Idea), Malik, Berlin, 1922, and 1933
Die Mutter - Der Flüchtling. Zwei Einakter (The Mother & The Refugee, 2 one-act plays, Malik, Berlin, 1922
Wer ist der Dümmste? Eine Frage an das Schicksal in einem Vorspiel und vier Akten. (Who is the Biggest Fool?), Malik, Berlin, 1923
- Gustav von Wangenheim, Da liegt der Hund begraben und andere Stücke, Aus dem Repertoire der Truppe 31, Rowohlt, Reinbek b. Hamburg, 1974
Der Wolkenkratzer. Amerikanischer Sketch (The Skyscraper), Malik, 1924

Almanca dilinde yaptığı seçkin çalışmaları

Vom Urkommunismus bis zur proletarischen Revolution, Eine Skizze der Entwicklung der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft, 1. Teil: Urkommunismus und Feudalismus, Verlag Junge Garde, Berlin C 2, 1922, 79 p.
Die Wissenschaft der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Eine marxistische Untersuchung, Malik, Berlin, 1922
Geschichte der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Von ihren Anfängen bis zur Schwelle der großen Revolution, Malik, Wien, 1924
Das erwachende China, Ein Abriß der Geschichte und der gegenwärtigen Probleme Chinas, AGIS Verlag, Wien, 1926
Shanghai- Kanton, Vereinigung Internationale Verlags-Anstalten, Berlin, 1927
Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas, Versuch der wissenschaftlichen Analyse einer großen asiatischen Agrargesellschaft, Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 1931, XXIV, 767 P. (=Schriften des Instituts für Sozialforschung der Universität Frankfurt am Main, No. 3)
Die natürlichen Ursachen der Wirtschaftsgeschichte, in: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 67, 1932, pp. 466-492, 597-609, 711-731.
Die Theorie der orientalischen Gesellschaft, in: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, Vol. 7, No. 1/2, Alcan, Paris, 1938

İngilizce dilinde yaptığı çalışmaları

The Foundations and Stages of Chinese Economic History, Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, Alcan, Paris, 4, 1935, p. 26-60.
New Light on Chinese Society; An Investigation of China's Socio-Economic Structure, Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1938
The Society of Prehistoric China, Alcan, Paris, 1939
Meteorological Records from the Divination Inscriptions of Shang, American Geographical Society (1940)
Public Office in the Liao Dynasty and the Chinese Examination System ..., Harvard-Yenching Institute (1947)
With Feng Chia-sheng et al., History of Chinese Society, Liao, 907-1125, American Philosophical Society, Transactions. Distributed by the Macmillan Co., New York, 1949. Google Book 27 Haziran 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
- With Chia-shêng Fêng and Karl H. Menges, History of Chinese society : Liao (907-1125). Appendix V, Qara-Khitay 1949
Russia and Asia : Problems of Contemporary Area Studies and International Relations, 1950
Asia's Freedom...and the Land Question 1950
The influence of Leninism-Stalinism on China, 1951?
The Review of Politics : The Historical Position of Communist China: Doctrine and Reality, University of Notre Dame Press (1954)
Mao Tse-tung, Liberator or Destroyer of the Chinese Peasants?, Free Trade Union Committee, American Federation of Labor, New York, 1955
The Hydraulic Civilizations Chicago, 1956
Oriental Despotism; a Comparative Study of Total Power Yale University Press, 1957
- Class Structure and Total Power in Oriental Despotism, 1960
- Results and Problems of the Study of Oriental Despotism 1969
Chinese Society : An Historical Survey, 1957
The New Men, Hong Kong, 1958?
Food and Society in China and India, New York, 1959
Peking's "Independence (1959)
The Marxist View of Russian Society and Revolution, 1960
Viewer's Guide to From Marx to Mao, University of Washington (1960)
The Legend of Maoism, 1960?
Class Structure and Total Power in Oriental Despotism, 1960
A Stronger Oriental Despotism 1960
The Russian and Chinese Revolutions : A Socio-Historical Comparison 1961
The Marxist View of China China Quarterly, 1962
Agrarian Problems and the Moscow-Peking Axis, 1962
A Short History of Chinese Communism, University of Washington, 1964
The Chinese Red Guards and the "Lin Piao Line, American-Asian Educational Exchange, Inc. (1967)
Results and Problems of the Study of Oriental Despotism 1969
Agriculture: a Key to the Understanding of Chinese Society, Past and Present, Australian National University Press, 1970
Communist and Non-Communist Agrarian Systems, with Special Reference to the U.S.S.R. and Communist China, a Comparative Approach Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, 1971
The Hydraulic Approach to Pre-spanish Mesoamerica, Austin, 1972
Some Remarks on Mao's Handling of Concepts and Problems of Dialectics, University of Washington. Far Eastern and Russian Institute, not dated

Wittfogel hakkında yapılan çalışmalar

G. L. Ulmen, The Science of Society, Towards an Understanding of the Life and Work of Karl August Wittfogel, Mouton, The Hague, 1978 (İngilizce)
G. L. Ulmen, ed., Society and History, Essays in Honor of Karl August Wittfogel, Mouton, The Hague, 1978, (İngilizce)
"Karl A. Wittfogel," George Taylor, International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, 18 (London: Collier, 1979), p. 812. (İngilizce)

Makaleler

Papers, 1939-1970 Collected papers of Karl August Wittfogel (1939-1970) University of Washington Libraries 16 Şubat 2010 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (İngilizce)
Register of Karl Wittfogel Papers Hoover Institution3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (İngilizce)

Dış bağlantılar

(İngilizce)
(Almanca)
Wittfogel, Karl August 1896-1988 (WorldCat Identity Page) 3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (İngilizce)

Kaynakça & notlar

^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 11 Şubat 2014 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2014.
^ http://rzv039.rz.tu-bs.de/isw/sandra/lexikon/cmsimpleplus/?U-Z:Wittfogel%2C_Karl_A 3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde ..
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "Wittfogel was freed in November 1933, and emigrated to England."
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . 1939'da vatandaşlık aldı. "In 1934, he went on to the United States where he became a naturalized citizen in 1939"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . " published his first analysis of ancient Chinese society in 1926"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "...and gained his PhD in 1928"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "In 1931, the Institut published Wittfogel's Economy and Society in China, after which he abandoned scholarly work to devote himself to political work against the Nazis"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "He was a playwright in his youth and wrote several essays and novels with a Communist theme."
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "In 1920-1921, he was a high school teacher in Tinz"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "Wittfogel's first wife, Rose Schlesinger whom he married in 1921"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "His second wife, Olga Lang (originally Olga Joffe, herself later an expert on Chinese affairs, whom he married in 1933)"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "In 1931, the Institut published Wittfogel's "Economy and Society in China", after which he abandoned scholarly work to devote himself to political work against the Nazis"
^ http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "...in 1917 he was drafted into the German Army Signal Corps."
^ Erişim: http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/wittfogel/ 11 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . Worsher, Donald. 1985. Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and Growth of the American West, Pantheon Books, New York.
^ Yazın: Walter Laqueur, Young Germany, 1962.
^ Yazın: Mathias Greffrath, Ein ernster Mensch, Die Zeit, 10. 6. 1988 (online arşiv). Later Wittfogel wrote under the pseudonym "Jungmann" am account of youth movements in Max Horkheimer's compilation "Studies in Authority and the Family." Unfortunately, although Horkheimer's and Herbert Marcuse's contributions have been translated, Wittfogel's have not been.
Wittfogel who had been a leader of the German Socialist Student Movement after the war beside Klaus Reichenbach liked Rudi Dutschke when they met in Düsseldorf in 1979.
^ At the Meißnertag 1923, a large Youth Movement gathering, Wittfogel asked the members of the Freideutsche Jugend: "In Wahrheit steht jedes Zeitalter unter einer großen Idee. Habt ihr diese große Idee. Seid ihr bereit dafür zu sterben?" Wittfogel asked them if they knew the need of the age, its big idea and if they had what it takes to die for their convictions.
Yazın: Karl-Otto Schüddekopf, Linke Leute von rechts, Stuttgart, 1960.

After expelling a strong radical group in the autumn of 1919 the KPD was basically a sect, until a majority of USPD delegates decided to join it at their party convention in October 1920. A third of USPD members (ca. 300.000) joined the 70.000-strong KPD.

Yazın: Ossip K. Flechtheim, Die KPD in der Weimarer Republik (1st edition 1948), Frankfurt, 1969 edition, pp. 35f., 156f.
^ M. Buckmiller says not only because W. taught at the Volkshochschule Schloss , but also because of Korsch's wife Dr. , who was active in the school reform movement.
^ financed and Richard Sorge organized this Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche (1st marxist workweek) with Karl Korsch and , Georgy Lukacs, , his later wife , Felix José and Käthe Weil (they were married 1921-1929), Richard and Christiane Sorge, Friedrich Pollock, and his later wife , from 1919 to 1923 married to , , , and , their kid, and others. Rose Wittfogel, born Schlesinger, also took part. They were married from 1921 (other sources say 1920) to 1929. She was a sculptor, later a librarian at the Frankfurt Institute. She emigrated to the Soviet Union and worked there (among other things?) as a translator at the VAGAAR, an Organisation for foreign workers.
Michael Buckmiller, Die "Marxistische Arbeitswoche" 1923 und die Gründung des "Instituts für Sozialforschung",in Willem van Reijen, Gunzelin Schmid Noerr (eds.), Grand Hotel Abgrund, p. 141-182. For Rose Schlesinger p. 148, citing D. Pike, Deutsche Schriftsteller im sowjetischen Exil, 1934-1945, Frankfurt am Main, 1981, S. 311.
^ If he seems not to really belong to the famous , it may be because of his Marxism, his activism or even because he was not Jewish.
^ His supervisors were , and Franz Oppenheimer. His thesis was On the Economical Importance of the Agrarian and Industrial Productive Forces in China,
Die ökonomische Bedeutung der agrikolen und industriellen Produktivkräfte Chinas, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart. 1930.

This was the first chapter of Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas, 1931.
^ In his Mass Psychology of Fascism, Wilhelm Reich mentions a bizarre debate with Otto Strasser on religion, in a Berlin mass meeting, in January, 1933.
In a short 1974 notice to a reprint of his 1929 essay on Political Geography, Wittfogel says he came out much stronger against the Nazis than the KPD and line wanted.

Lit.: Politische Geography, Josef Matznetter, ed., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1977, p. 230.

Communist students at Jena invited him and for a debate on the importance of Hegel for the Germany of today. Bäumler was a specialist on Kant, Nietzsche and . He soon became a leading Nazi philosopher.
^ Borgermoor Moorlager im Emsland, a peat bog-camp in the Emsland and in near Torgau.
Lit.: A novel Staatliches Konzentrationslager VII, Eine "Erziehungsanstalt" im Dritten Reich was first published in London, 1936 under the pen name Klaus Hinrichs. German edition: Edition Temmen, Bremen, 1991.
^ His second wife worked tirelessly for his release and, with the help of nationalbolshevist revolutionary and the also radical right-wing geographer Karl Haushofer and the LSE historian , managed to get Wittfogel free (Mathias Greffrath, Martin Jay).
^ (PDF). 3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2014.
^ Gloria Levitas, Esther Schiff Goldfrank, p. 120- 126, in Women Anthropologists, Ute Gacs, editor, new ed., University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1989.
^ Piscator himself played the Cripple at the opening. managed a half-hour late delivery of the backdrop, Erwin Piscator, Das politische Theater [new edition], Hamburg, 1963, S. 48f., note 1. Reprinted in Literatur im Klassenkampf, Zur proletarisch-revolutionären Literaturtheorie 1919-1923, Eine Dokumentation von Walter Fähnders und Martin Rector, Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 1974, p. 242f.. The Proletarian Theatre bill (I. Programm-Ausgabe) for this evening on pages 206ff..The newspaper published a harsh review of the plays, G. G. L. (Gertrud Alexander), Proletarisches Theater, Die Rote Fahne, Vol. 3, 1920, No. 210, Oct. 17. This and Proletarisches Theater und der Gegner, Julian Gumperz's answer with another short notice by Gertrud Alexander (Die Rote Fahne, 3, 1920, no. 213, Oct. 21), Literatur im Klassenkampf, pages 208 to 213.
^ Who Is the Biggest Fool? was produced (the text adapted) by Truppe 1931 (troop 1931) early in 1933.
^ . 3 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Şubat 2014.
^ Die Linkskurve (Solak) Almanya Komünist Partisi’yle ilişkili federal Proleter-Devrimci Yazarlar’ın dergisiydi. Dergi, Johannes R. Becher, , , , ve tarafından düzenleniyordu. Kaynak:http://www.dkp-online.de/uz/3948/s1301.htm 20 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (Almanca)
^ Bediiyat: Estetik bilimi, güzel sanatlar. Kaynak: TDK http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.52eed3c3dcce66.01370589 19 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .
^ His conservative aesthetics put Wittfogel on Lukacs' side -- not what might have been expected from his plays. With the earlier Dada and Proletkult debates, the Mehring-, documentary- and proletarian-literature feud, from 1928 on became part of the long and bitter debate on literary modernism and communism, which culminated in the 1930s onslaught on in the Moscow journal Das Wort. The whole sorry mess was rekindled in the 1960s as the Brecht-Lukacs debate. At the time, Brecht had not really been able to publish his views.
Helga Gallas, Marxistische Literaturtheorie, Luchterhand, Neuwied, 1971, on the 1928-1933 .
The Maoist Jan Myrdal in 1974 accused Wittfogel, and George Lukacs, who were in favour of "culture" and an "elitist" aesthetics in the so-called "Mehring debate", to have turned Marxism into a theology and thus brought Hitler to power. "Wittfogel, Sauerland, Lukács tragen eine schwere historische Verantwortung" (p. 95, "are to blame for the course of history").
Jan Myrdal who has written about China for nearly fifty years without knowing the language, also called Wittfogel non-intellectual, uncouth ("ungeschlacht") and a pretend professor.

Lit.: and Jan Myrdal, Die unnötige Gegenwart, Hanser, München, 1975, pp. 85- 95. First published as Den onödiga Samtiden, Stockholm, 1974.
Jan Myrdal also called Wittfogel "parteikonformer...Ideologe", "spineless follower of the party line", but while Wittfogel believed in the party at least until 1933 and still sometimes fiercely defended it until at least around 1939 (he broke with over the revelations), even in the 1920s Wittfogel had ideas of his own, e.g. on nature, which to him could never simply be a part of human history and pure object of thinking, an idea Lukacs did not like at all. With very few others he took Marx's idea of a genuine "asiatic" way of pre-capitalist development seriously. At a Leningrad conference in 1931, all those ideas of an "asiatic" "mode of production" were shot down and buried by the Stalinist majority. They resurfaced around 1960, but by then Wittfogel was of course a non-person in communist eyes.
^ Alternative in Eastern Europe
^ Der Krüppel was performed on October 14, 1920 at Piscator's Proletarischem Theater - Bühnen der revolutionären Arbeiter Groß- Berlins, together with two other short plays under the heading Gegen den weißen Schrecken - für Sowjetrußland, see: Der Gegner. Mit dem satirischen Teil Die Pleite, vol. 2, no. 4, Malik, Berlin, 1920, p. 94- 107. Erwin Piscator's essay Über Grundlagen und Aufgaben des Proletarischen Theaters in the same number on pages 90 to 93. Der Gegner was then edited by and Wieland Herzfelde. Rote Soldaten had been scheduled for a second season of the theatre.
Wittfogel also published a theoretical essay on proletarian theatre: Grenzen und Aufgaben der revolutionären Bühnenkunst, Der Gegner, vol. 3, no. 2, Berlin, 1922, p. 39-44.
On the Weimar Proletarian Theatre: Richard Weber, Proletarisches Theater und Revolutionäre Arbeiterbewegung, 2nd. ed., Prometh, Köln, 1978, P. 85, 96.
One of the final communist Weimar theatre events was 's "didactic play" on communism, murder and morality, set in China, Die Maßnahme. Wittfogel's review was published in Die Welt am Abend, on Dec. 22, 1930.
^ Rare with little known cover. The first part is all there is. The Verlag Junge Garde, Berlin C 2 (on Stralauerstrasse 12 in Schöneberg) was the publishers of the , Kommunistische Jugendinternationale.
^ In Brussels, February, 1927 the Liga gegen Imperialismus was founded at a Internationale Kongress gegen Unterdrückung und Kolonialismus. This Congress had been organised by Willi Münzenberg). Wittfogel took part, as did . (Source: Sinologie Heidelberg Alumni Netzwerk

[Ref1-1] "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 11 Şubat 2014 tarihinde kaynağından . Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2014.

[2] ttp://rzv039.rz.tu-bs.de/isw/sandra/lexikon/cmsimpleplus/?U-Z:Wittfogel%2C_Karl_A 3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde ..

[3] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "Wittfogel was freed in November 1933, and emigrated to England."

[4] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . 1939'da vatandaşlık aldı. "In 1934, he went on to the United States where he became a naturalized citizen in 1939"

[5] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . " published his first analysis of ancient Chinese society in 1926"

[6] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "...and gained his PhD in 1928"

[7] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "In 1931, the Institut published Wittfogel's Economy and Society in China, after which he abandoned scholarly work to devote himself to political work against the Nazis"

[8] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "He was a playwright in his youth and wrote several essays and novels with a Communist theme."

[9] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "In 1920-1921, he was a high school teacher in Tinz"

[10] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "Wittfogel's first wife, Rose Schlesinger whom he married in 1921"

[11] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "His second wife, Olga Lang (originally Olga Joffe, herself later an expert on Chinese affairs, whom he married in 1933)"

[12] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "In 1931, the Institut published Wittfogel's "Economy and Society in China", after which he abandoned scholarly work to devote himself to political work against the Nazis"

[13] ttp://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/w/i.htm 31 Aralık 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . "...in 1917 he was drafted into the German Army Signal Corps."

[14] Erişim: http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/wittfogel/ 11 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . Worsher, Donald. 1985. Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and Growth of the American West, Pantheon Books, New York.

[15] Yazın: Walter Laqueur, Young Germany, 1962.

[16] Yazın: Mathias Greffrath, Ein ernster Mensch, Die Zeit, 10. 6. 1988 (online arşiv). Later Wittfogel wrote under the pseudonym "Jungmann" am account of youth movements in Max Horkheimer's compilation "Studies in Authority and the Family." Unfortunately, although Horkheimer's and Herbert Marcuse's contributions have been translated, Wittfogel's have not been.
Wittfogel who had been a leader of the German Socialist Student Movement after the war beside Klaus Reichenbach liked Rudi Dutschke when they met in Düsseldorf in 1979.

[17] At the Meißnertag 1923, a large Youth Movement gathering, Wittfogel asked the members of the Freideutsche Jugend: "In Wahrheit steht jedes Zeitalter unter einer großen Idee. Habt ihr diese große Idee. Seid ihr bereit dafür zu sterben?" Wittfogel asked them if they knew the need of the age, its big idea and if they had what it takes to die for their convictions.
Yazın: Karl-Otto Schüddekopf, Linke Leute von rechts, Stuttgart, 1960.

After expelling a strong radical group in the autumn of 1919 the KPD was basically a sect, until a majority of USPD delegates decided to join it at their party convention in October 1920. A third of USPD members (ca. 300.000) joined the 70.000-strong KPD.

Yazın: Ossip K. Flechtheim, Die KPD in der Weimarer Republik (1st edition 1948), Frankfurt, 1969 edition, pp. 35f., 156f.

[18] M. Buckmiller says not only because W. taught at the Volkshochschule Schloss , but also because of Korsch's wife Dr. , who was active in the school reform movement.

[19] Richard Sorge organized this Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche (1st marxist workweek) with Karl Korsch and , Georgy Lukacs, , his later wife , Felix José and Käthe Weil (they were married 1921-1929), Richard and Christiane Sorge, Friedrich Pollock, and his later wife , from 1919 to 1923 married to , , , and , their kid, and others. Rose Wittfogel, born Schlesinger, also took part. They were married from 1921 (other sources say 1920) to 1929. She was a sculptor, later a librarian at the Frankfurt Institute. She emigrated to the Soviet Union and worked there (among other things?) as a translator at the VAGAAR, an Organisation for foreign workers.
Michael Buckmiller, Die "Marxistische Arbeitswoche" 1923 und die Gründung des "Instituts für Sozialforschung",in Willem van Reijen, Gunzelin Schmid Noerr (eds.), Grand Hotel Abgrund, p. 141-182. For Rose Schlesinger p. 148, citing D. Pike, Deutsche Schriftsteller im sowjetischen Exil, 1934-1945, Frankfurt am Main, 1981, S. 311.

[20] If he seems not to really belong to the famous , it may be because of his Marxism, his activism or even because he was not Jewish.

[21] His supervisors were , and Franz Oppenheimer. His thesis was On the Economical Importance of the Agrarian and Industrial Productive Forces in China,
Die ökonomische Bedeutung der agrikolen und industriellen Produktivkräfte Chinas, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart. 1930.

This was the first chapter of Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas, 1931.

[22] In his Mass Psychology of Fascism, Wilhelm Reich mentions a bizarre debate with Otto Strasser on religion, in a Berlin mass meeting, in January, 1933.
In a short 1974 notice to a reprint of his 1929 essay on Political Geography, Wittfogel says he came out much stronger against the Nazis than the KPD and line wanted.

Lit.: Politische Geography, Josef Matznetter, ed., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1977, p. 230.

Communist students at Jena invited him and for a debate on the importance of Hegel for the Germany of today. Bäumler was a specialist on Kant, Nietzsche and . He soon became a leading Nazi philosopher.

[23] Borgermoor Moorlager im Emsland, a peat bog-camp in the Emsland and in near Torgau.
Lit.: A novel Staatliches Konzentrationslager VII, Eine "Erziehungsanstalt" im Dritten Reich was first published in London, 1936 under the pen name Klaus Hinrichs. German edition: Edition Temmen, Bremen, 1991.

[24] His second wife worked tirelessly for his release and, with the help of nationalbolshevist revolutionary and the also radical right-wing geographer Karl Haushofer and the LSE historian , managed to get Wittfogel free (Mathias Greffrath, Martin Jay).

[25] (PDF). 3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2014.

[26] Gloria Levitas, Esther Schiff Goldfrank, p. 120- 126, in Women Anthropologists, Ute Gacs, editor, new ed., University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1989.

[27] Piscator himself played the Cripple at the opening. managed a half-hour late delivery of the backdrop, Erwin Piscator, Das politische Theater [new edition], Hamburg, 1963, S. 48f., note 1. Reprinted in Literatur im Klassenkampf, Zur proletarisch-revolutionären Literaturtheorie 1919-1923, Eine Dokumentation von Walter Fähnders und Martin Rector, Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 1974, p. 242f.. The Proletarian Theatre bill (I. Programm-Ausgabe) for this evening on pages 206ff..The newspaper published a harsh review of the plays, G. G. L. (Gertrud Alexander), Proletarisches Theater, Die Rote Fahne, Vol. 3, 1920, No. 210, Oct. 17. This and Proletarisches Theater und der Gegner, Julian Gumperz's answer with another short notice by Gertrud Alexander (Die Rote Fahne, 3, 1920, no. 213, Oct. 21), Literatur im Klassenkampf, pages 208 to 213.

[28] Who Is the Biggest Fool? was produced (the text adapted) by Truppe 1931 (troop 1931) early in 1933.

[29] . 3 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Şubat 2014.

[30] Die Linkskurve (Solak) Almanya Komünist Partisi’yle ilişkili federal Proleter-Devrimci Yazarlar’ın dergisiydi. Dergi, Johannes R. Becher, , , , ve tarafından düzenleniyordu. Kaynak:http://www.dkp-online.de/uz/3948/s1301.htm 20 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde . (Almanca)

[31] Bediiyat: Estetik bilimi, güzel sanatlar. Kaynak: TDK http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.52eed3c3dcce66.01370589 19 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde .

[32] His conservative aesthetics put Wittfogel on Lukacs' side -- not what might have been expected from his plays. With the earlier Dada and Proletkult debates, the Mehring-, documentary- and proletarian-literature feud, from 1928 on became part of the long and bitter debate on literary modernism and communism, which culminated in the 1930s onslaught on in the Moscow journal Das Wort. The whole sorry mess was rekindled in the 1960s as the Brecht-Lukacs debate. At the time, Brecht had not really been able to publish his views.
Helga Gallas, Marxistische Literaturtheorie, Luchterhand, Neuwied, 1971, on the 1928-1933 .
The Maoist Jan Myrdal in 1974 accused Wittfogel, and George Lukacs, who were in favour of "culture" and an "elitist" aesthetics in the so-called "Mehring debate", to have turned Marxism into a theology and thus brought Hitler to power. "Wittfogel, Sauerland, Lukács tragen eine schwere historische Verantwortung" (p. 95, "are to blame for the course of history").
Jan Myrdal who has written about China for nearly fifty years without knowing the language, also called Wittfogel non-intellectual, uncouth ("ungeschlacht") and a pretend professor.

Lit.: and Jan Myrdal, Die unnötige Gegenwart, Hanser, München, 1975, pp. 85- 95. First published as Den onödiga Samtiden, Stockholm, 1974.
Jan Myrdal also called Wittfogel "parteikonformer...Ideologe", "spineless follower of the party line", but while Wittfogel believed in the party at least until 1933 and still sometimes fiercely defended it until at least around 1939 (he broke with over the revelations), even in the 1920s Wittfogel had ideas of his own, e.g. on nature, which to him could never simply be a part of human history and pure object of thinking, an idea Lukacs did not like at all. With very few others he took Marx's idea of a genuine "asiatic" way of pre-capitalist development seriously. At a Leningrad conference in 1931, all those ideas of an "asiatic" "mode of production" were shot down and buried by the Stalinist majority. They resurfaced around 1960, but by then Wittfogel was of course a non-person in communist eyes.

[33] Alternative in Eastern Europe

[34] Der Krüppel was performed on October 14, 1920 at Piscator's Proletarischem Theater - Bühnen der revolutionären Arbeiter Groß- Berlins, together with two other short plays under the heading Gegen den weißen Schrecken - für Sowjetrußland, see: Der Gegner. Mit dem satirischen Teil Die Pleite, vol. 2, no. 4, Malik, Berlin, 1920, p. 94- 107. Erwin Piscator's essay Über Grundlagen und Aufgaben des Proletarischen Theaters in the same number on pages 90 to 93. Der Gegner was then edited by and Wieland Herzfelde. Rote Soldaten had been scheduled for a second season of the theatre.
Wittfogel also published a theoretical essay on proletarian theatre: Grenzen und Aufgaben der revolutionären Bühnenkunst, Der Gegner, vol. 3, no. 2, Berlin, 1922, p. 39-44.
On the Weimar Proletarian Theatre: Richard Weber, Proletarisches Theater und Revolutionäre Arbeiterbewegung, 2nd. ed., Prometh, Köln, 1978, P. 85, 96.
One of the final communist Weimar theatre events was 's "didactic play" on communism, murder and morality, set in China, Die Maßnahme. Wittfogel's review was published in Die Welt am Abend, on Dec. 22, 1930.

[35] Rare with little known cover. The first part is all there is. The Verlag Junge Garde, Berlin C 2 (on Stralauerstrasse 12 in Schöneberg) was the publishers of the , Kommunistische Jugendinternationale.

[36] In Brussels, February, 1927 the Liga gegen Imperialismus was founded at a Internationale Kongress gegen Unterdrückung und Kolonialismus. This Congress had been organised by Willi Münzenberg). Wittfogel took part, as did . (Source: Sinologie Heidelberg Alumni Netzwerk